You can drive a car, can’t you?

She can fly an aeroplane, can’t she?

That snake can bite, can’t it?

We could visit the Zoo, couldn’t we?

I can play good tennis, can’t I?

He can swim across the lake, can’t he?

The children must go to bed, mustn’t they? He must hurr^ mustn’t he^

She must cook dinner, mustn’t she?

They must take their umbrellas, mustn’t they?

You must go to the dentist, mustn’t you?

I must visit grandfather, mustn’t I?

The dog must eat, mustn’t it?

Yes, I can.

Yes, she can.

Yes, it can.

Yes, you could; it was open.

Yes, you can.

Yes, he can.

Yes, they must.

Voe ha mi scvfr Uo mn

I vw, l IV» IIIUQl.l IC IIIU

catch the train.

Yes, she must; it’s late.

Yes, they must; it’s raining.

Yes, I must;

I’ve got a bad tooth. Yes, you must because he’s ill.

Yes, it must.

It’s hungry.

irt*vsri ‘                                         tidrY <**»*.

He lives next door, doesn’t he?       Yes, he does.

I get good marks, don’t I?            Yes, you do.

Kathy loves dolls, doesn’t she?       Yes, she does.

They work in London don’t they?       Yes, they do.

It catches mice, doesn’t it?                                               Yes, it does.

We’re studying, aren’t we?            Yes, you are.

They’re swimming, aren’t they?        Yes they are.

He’s throwing stones, isn’t he?                                        Yes, he is.

She’s serving breakfast, isn’t she?   Yes, she is.

She has finished school, hasn’t she?       Yes, she has.

I’ve done well, haven’t I?            Yes, you have.

She’s done badly, hasn’t she?         Yes, she has. They’ve always come to our parties, haven’t they? Yes, they have.

You’ve always liked oranges, haven’t you? Yes, I have.

He’ll come late, won’t he?            Yes, he will.

She’ll go to the hairdresser’s won’t she? Yes, she will.

They’ll beat the Wolves, won’t they?  Yes, they will.

We’ll go to London, shan’t we?        Yes, we shall.

You’ll learn French, won’t you?       Yes, I shall.

He married Helen, didn’t he?          Yes, he did.

Miss Staley taught geography yesterday,

didn’t she?                           Yes, she did.

I went to visit grandfather this morning, didn’t I? Yes, you did.

They bought a cabin-cruiser, didn’t they? Yes, they did.

You broke the window, didn’t you?      Yes, I did.

Shakespeare wrote plays, didn’t he?    Yes, he did.

We went to school at 8 o’clock, didn’t we?     Yes, you did.

Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world,

didn’t he?                             Yes, he did.

Elizabeth loved her country, didn’t she?  Yes, she did.

Nelson won the sea-battle of Trafalgar, didn’t he? Yes, he did.

Stephenson invented the first steam-engine

didn’t he?                             Yes, he did.

—  You’ve got a cold, haven’t you Paddy?

—  Yes, I have.

I caught a cold last night.

—  Were you out last night?

—  Yes, I went to the theatre,

but when I wanted to go home I couldn’t find a taxi.

—  So you walked out in the cold, didn’t you?

—  That’s right. You stayed home, didn’t you Michael?

—  Yes I did. I watched T.V.

—   So you’ve seen the game

between Leeds and the Wolves, haven’t you?

—  Yes, I have.

—  You lucky boy! You are lucky, aren’t you?

—   Perhaps I am but I didn’t go to the theatre!

—   You’ll study now, won’t you Paddy?

—   Yes, I will, but not right now.

—   Oh, I know; You’re chasing cats again, aren’t you?

_ Yes, I am, though I haven’t caught any yet.

—  You’ve had lunch, haven’t you?

—  Yes, I have.

—  You’ve played with your friends, haven’t you?

—  Yes, I have.

—  Daddy has given you some sweets, hasn’t he?

—  Yes, he has.

—  You’ve been out in the garden for an hour, haven’t you?

—  Yes, I have. So what?

—  Now come in and study! That’s what!

—  We must go to the hairdresser’s, mustn’t we?

—  Yes, I think we must.

—  And then we shall go to the cinema, shan’t we?

—  Yes, we shall.

—  And then we could have tea, couldn’t we?

—  Yes, we could. By the way, what time is it?

—  Oh, it’s half past eleven. It’s late, isn’t it?

—   I’m afraid it is. Mustn’t we cook?

—  I’m afraid we must.

How about going tp the hairdresser’s?

—  Well, let’s cook first and then we’ll see.

1. TAG QUESTIONS when we expect an affirmative answer “DEĞİL Mİ?” SORULARI

olumlu ve onaylaytcı bir yanıt beklediğimiz zaman

TAG QUESTION interrogative – negative

ANSWER

yes + affirmation

B. TAG QUESTIONS when we expected a negative answer “DEĞİL Mİ?” SORULARI olumsuz yanıt beklediğimiz zaman

TAG QUESTION interrogative

A başlığının örnekleri 104, 105, 106. sayfalarda bulunuyor B başlığı için şu koşullar perçekleşmelidir:

a)    temel cümle olumsuzdur.

b)    “değil mi” sorusu olumlu biçimde sorulur.

c)     aldığımız yanıt, bildiğimiz olumsuzluğun onaylanmasıdır.

ÖRNEKLER

Miss Staley isn’t a doctor, is she?                                   No,

You aren’t French, are you?                                         No,

You haven’t a cabin-cruiser, have you?                      No,

They haven’t got a car, have they?                                 No,

It’s not raining, is it?                                                       No,

You can’t fly an aeroplane, can you?                           No,

They couldn’t come to the party, could they?          No,

He mustn’t smoke too much, must he?                    No,

We mustn’t eat too much, must we?                         No,

We haven’t fed the dog, have we?                             No,

They haven’t studied Geography, have they?          No,

He didn’t go fishing, did he?                                      No,

I didn’t take youi” cigarettes, did I?                           No,

We don’t smoke, do we?                                             No,

He doesn’t talk in his sleep, does he?                       No,

She wasn’t at the theatre, was she?                          No,

Michael is in Scotland. He has visited Scotland with a few of his classmates and Miss Staley during the holidays.

This is Michael’s letter to his parents.

Hotel fvanhoe 126, Aberdeen Road Edinburgh 15.

12th April, 1977

Dear Mum, Dad, and Kathy.

This is our third day in Edinburgh. As / wrote to you yesterday it is a fantastic city with wonderful thoroughfares and beautiful monuments.

Our first two days were very busy as Miss Staley was trying to teach us as much of the history of Scotland as she could. We were lucky indeed because the weather was beautiful and we never got tired of walking. As we went from one place to another, we enjoyed the sunshine and the sight of very beautiful buildings.

I must say Edinburgh is almost as beautiful as London. Unfortunately to-day we were not as lucky as the two other days.

The weather changed and we had to walk in heavy rains and we spent most of the day in the hotel. But Miss Staley lost no time. At the hotel she told us all about Mary Queen of Scots and Bonnie Prince Charlie. She also told us about Sir Walter Scott and the poet Burns. We even had to listen to some poetry by Burns.lt was a rather dull day 6ecause we had to stay in most of the time and what more, listen to literature!

If the weather is good to-morrow we shall visit the shipyards at the Clyde. Miss Staley told us that those shipyards launched the Queen Mary, the Queen Elizabeth and the QE2. If we are lucky perhaps we shall see the launching of some ship, but that will probably only be a dream. After our visit to the Clyde I shall write again. I shall close this letter now as we have to go to bed.

Love and best wishes, Michael

P.S. I hope the weather is good to-morrow.

spot, benek, ufak leke

tear, yırtmak

dentist, diş doktoru

invent, icat etmek,

steam engine, buharlı makine

game, oyun

cigarettes, sigara

Easter, Paskalya

letter, mektup

fantastic, harikulâde

thoroughfare, Şehrin ana caddesi

to get tired, yorulmak, yorgun düşmek

sunshine, güneşli hava

unfortunately, ne yazık ki

dull, sıkıcı

shipyards, tersane

to launch, gemiyi denize indirmek

launching, denize indirme

dream, rüya

Sir Francis Drake, 16. yüzyılda yaşamış ünlü bir denizci Mary Queen of Scots, İskoçya Kraliçesi Mary Stuart. Tahtından indirildikten sonra İngiltere’de yaşadı. Kraliçe Elizabeth’e karşı bir komploya karıştığı iddiasıyla kafası kesilerek idam edildi.

Bonnie Prince Charlie, Iskoçya’nın ühlü ve sevilen Prensi Sir Walter Scott, Romancı ve şair. Ivanhoe’nın yazarı Robert Burns, İskoçya’nın büyük lirik şairi The Clyde, İskoçya’da büyük bir nehir

IDIOMS

so what? ne farkeder, ne olacak yani?

” that’s what, bundan, bu nedenle

what’s more daha ne olacak, en kötüsü

PRINCIPAL PARTS- IRREGULAR VERBS

tear – tore – torn drive – drove – driven

The past continuous tense

Paddy was washing,

when his mother called him.

I was walking to school

when two cars collided.

She was playing the piano

at 6 o’clock.

I was fishing

this morning.

She was sleeping,

when the phone rang.

You were driving a car

when I saw you.

They were watching T.V.

at 8 o’clock.

We were playing tennis

yesterday afternoon.

PADDY’S MOTHER: PADDY:

MRS. SMITH: MICHAEL:

PHIL:

KATHY AND MICHAEL:

MRS. HEATH: KATHY:

Come downstairs!

I’m washing.

(Paddy was washing when his mother called him.)

Where are you going?

I’m walking to school; good heavens!Those two cars have collided.

(Michael was walking to school when two cars collided.)

What are you doing?

We are playing tennis.

(Kathy and Michael were playing tennis when Phi! saw them yesterday afternoon.)

It’s six o’clock; what are you doing?

I’m playing the piano.

(What was Kathy doing at 6 o’clock?

She was playing the piano at 6 o’clock.)

but it wasn’t raining an hour ago when I went out.

—   Didn’t you hear the weather forecast on the radio?

—   No, I didn’t.

I wasn’t listening to the radio when I was at home.

—  What are you doing?

—  Can’t you see? I’m climbing the tree.

—  Well, be careful.

I was climbing the tree in my garden yesterday, a branch broke and I fell down.

—  Aren’t you coming with us? We’re going fishing.

—   No, thank you. I was fishing yesterday and to-day I’m staying at home to study.

—  Well, We were studying yesterday when you were fishing.

—  Weren’t you sleeping at midnight last night?

I saw lights in your house.

—  No, we weren’t sleeping; we were having a party.

What were you doing out in the street at midnight?

—  Oh, I was going back home from a different party.

—   I saw the Smiths in London yesterday.

What were they doing?

—  6h, they were shopping.

Mrs. Smith bought curtains and two hats.

What were you doing in London?

—  I was spending the day there with my elder sister.

—  What was your elder sister doing there?

—  Oh, she lives in London.

Michael and Kathy spent their Sunday at Regent’s Park. It was a lovely sunny day with few clouds in the sky. Thistimetheydid not go to the Zoo; they only walked around the park, stopped and played here and there and took photographs of the ponds and the ducks and geese in them. They especially liked the ponds. There were ducks and geese swimming in them, children were sailing their toy boats and people were feeding the fish and the birds of the ponds.

Everything looked gay. Even the birds that were flying above their heads were chirping all the time. This was a child’s paradise. There were children everywhere. Some were flying kites, others were playing on the green grass and every child was shouting and laughing with joy.

Children and their parents were not the only visitors in the park. There were also a lot of old people, who looked like grandfathers and grandmothers. Some of them were walking slowly with the help of a stick, others were sitting on the park benches and were smiling to the children that were running all around.

In some cases there were old people who were reading a newspaper in the sunshine. How happy everybody looked. Everyone was smiling, everyone was pleased’ The only sad moment was when Michael aTtcf Kalhywere walking to me exit of the park late in the afternoon. The sun was going down and everybody was going home. Everybody had to go home.

That was one of the children’s most pleasant Sundays.

DIALOGUE

— Vv ntif ts s

—   No, i’m afraid not. She had to stay at home.

—  Why Hid ohs have to do that?

—  Well, mother is ill to-day

and somebody has to stay home to help.

—   I see. i’m suffy to hear that.

What’s the matter with your mother?

—   She had to do the pruning in the garden yesterday and she caught cold.

—   Did you have to put that funny drjess on?

We’re only going to the cinema, you know!

—  What’s wrong with my dress?

Why do you have to make fun of my dresses all the time?

—   Simply because they are funny.

That’s all. They don’t even look like dresses.

They look like my grandma’s night-gown.

—   Do you have to shave Paddy?

—  Well, daddy shaves, doesn’t he?

—  Yes, but your daddy has a beard, hasn’t he? You’ve got nothing to shave.

Why do you have to shave then?

—   Well, I’ll have a beard some day, shan’t I?

How shall I know how to shave if I don’t learn?

ïSH

p., ****££$

WORDS

to collide, çarpışmak, çarpmak photographs, fotoğraflar, pond, havuz,

geese, kazlar (tekili = goose) gay, neşeli, uçarı to chirp, cıvıldamak paradise, cennet,

stick, baston exit, çıkış

to prune, budamak simply, basitçe grandma, nine, beard, saka!

while

+ past continuous

1. 1.  While he was playing basket-ball he fell down and broke his leg.
2. 2.  While he was on the grass a bee stung him.
3. 3.  While they were listening to Miss Staley, Mr. Long came into the classroom.
4. 4.  While she was cooking dinner Mrs. Smith called her up.
   1. 5.  While the children were studying Tom was sleeping near the fireplace.
   2. 6.  While Mr. Heath was painting -the house Mrs. Heath was pruning the garden.
   3. 7.  While I was walking in the wood I saw a snake.
   4. 8.  As he was climbing the tree he fell down.
   5. 9.  As she was cutting the meat she cut herself.

10.As he was eating his soup a fly sat on his nose.

1. 11.  As they were going to school they saw a house on fire.
2. 12.  As I was getting on the bus my friend Tom was getting off.

Poem There was a naughty Boy,

And a naughty Boy was he,

He ran away to Scotland The people for to see —

Then he found

That the ground Was as hard, That a yard,

Was as long,

SOily

Was as merry That a cherry as red —

uee, an                  _t,

stung. boceK sokiu                           firs, atcç

sting, böcek sokması                       merry, neşeli

«vuuü, umluıı                                      to                                      hayrnl nlmok

while ) > + past continuous as i

1. 1.  While he was playing basket-ball he fell down and broke his leg.
2. 2.  While he was on the grass a bee stung him.
3. 3.  While they were listening to Miss Staley, Mr. Long came into the classroom.
4. 4.  While she was cooking dinner Mrs. Smith called her up.
5. 5.  While the children were studying Tom was sleeping near the fireplace.
6. 6.  While Mr. Heath was painting -the house Mrs. Heath was pruning the garden.
7. 7.  While I was walking in the wood I saw a snake.
8. 8.  As he was climbing the tree he fell down.
9. 9.  As she was cutting the meat she cut herself.
10. 10.  As he was eating his soup a fly sat on his nose.
11. 11.  As they were going to school they saw a house on fire.
12. 12.  As I was getting on the bus my friend Tom was getting off.

Poem There was a naughty Boy,

And a naughty Boy was he,

He ran away to Scotland The people for to see —

Then he found That the ground Was as hard,

That a yard,

Was as long,

/ “Si €§

Was as merry

IA/flc ae raW —

WORDS

bee, arı

stung, böcek soktu sting, böcek sokması wood, orman

fly, sinek fire, ateş merry, neşeli

to wonder, şaşmak, hayret etmek

so – neither

He is a doctor and so is his brother.

I have a car and so has my father.

She has a doll and so has her sister.

We can swim and so can they.

I must study and so must you.

They learn French and so do we.

We went to London and so did they.

I have seen an elephant and so has my sister.

He will come here to-morrow and so will his friend. She was playing tennis yesterday afternoon and so was her brother.

I am an Englishman.

My father has a shop.

I can fly an aeroplane.

We must go home now.

She has to study.

Michael fishes.

Mrs. Heath went to London.

They have bought a car.

We were playing yesterday afternoon.

So am I.

So has mine.

So can my friend. So must we.

So do we.

So does Phil.

So did Mrs. Smith. So have we.

So were we.

She’s not at home.

They haven’t a dog.

I can’t go to the party.

We mustn’t go out.

Paddy doesn’t eat soup.

Mrs. Smith didn’t go to the cinema. I haven’t seen Helen.

They weren’t sleeping at midnight.

Neither is her brother. Neither have we. Neither can I.

Neither must I.

Neither does Susan. Neither did Mrs. Jones. Neither have I.

Neither was John.

Adverbs

1. Adjective + ly = ADVERB
2. 1.  This is a slow train. That old woman is walking slowly.
3. 2.   Michael had a quick bath and he quickly went downstairs to have breakfast.
4. 3.  She is sad because she has lost her dog. That’s why she looks at us sadly.
5. 4.  She’s happy because she’s going to get married. She will live happily now.
6. 5.  This is a real diamond. Do you really believe it?
7. 6.   He is a careful driver. He drives very carefully.
8. 7.  This exercise is easy to do; I’ve done it easily.
9. 8.  This is a bad boy; he always behaves badly.

slow – slowly                    real – really

quick – quickly                 careful – carefully

sad > sadly                       easy – easily

happy – happily               bad – badly.

good sıfatının zarfı = well

B.FREQUENCY ADVERBS

Always – never – ever – often – seldom – sometimes – rarely – frequently.

Süreklilik zarfları (frequency adverbs), to be fiili hariç, her zaman ana fiilden önce kullanılırlar. To be fiilinin ise sonrasında kullanılırlar. Yardımcı fiille kurulan zamanlarda, süreklilik zarfları, yardımcı fiilden sonra ve ana fiilden önce gelirler.

He always gets up early and never goes to school late.

She rarely eats soup but she often eats sweets.

He frequently goes to football matches but he seldom goes to the cinema.

She is always at home in the evenings. She is never out.

He’s rarely there on Sundays; he’s always in the country.

Does he ever go to Cambridge?

I have frequently visited London, but I have seldom visited Edinburgh.

Wishes – Greetings

1. Good morning.
2. I wish you a happy New Year.
3. Have a nice time. Enjoy yourself. Have a nice journey.
4. Happy birthday. Many happy returns of the day.
5. Congratulations. Congratulations on your success. Congratulations on your victory.
6. Good luck. I wish you the best of luck.
7. Thank you. Thanks. Thank you so much. Thank you ever so much.
8. Welcome. Welcome home. Welcome to our city.
9. You’re very kind. It’s kind of you. It’s most kind of you.

It’s awfully kind of you.

10.Please don’t go into all that trouble. I don’t want to give you any trouble.

Good morning;

happy New Year………………………… Good morning; thank you and

the same to you.

I’m going to Brighton for the week-end

We are going to a party………………..

I’m leaving for Paris by train….

I’m flying to New York I’m sailing to Dover

i’m 10 years old to-day

I’m getting married……………………….

I’ve passed my examinations. ..

Have a nice time!

Enjoy yourselves!

Have a nice journey!

Have a nice flight!

Have a nice voyage!

Happy birthday. Many happy returns of the day. Congratulations. Congratulations on your success.

She washes up at 8 a.m. every day.

Miss Staley is teaching geography.

She knows geography very well.

They are playing tennis.

They play tennis every afternoon.

Mrs. Heath is going to the market.

She usually goes to the market at 10 a.m. every morning.

Michael is going fishing.

He goes fishing on Saturday afternoons.

Paddy is throwing stones.

He usually throws stones,

but sometimes he plays with marbles.

We are going to school.

We go to school every day.

A stork is standing on the chimney.

It likes to stand on chimneys.

Miss Staley is talking to Paddy.

She knows Paddy.

She washes up at 8 a.m. every day.

Miss Staley is teaching geography.

She knows geography very well.

They are playing tennis.

They play tennis every afternoon.

Mrs. Heath is going to the market.

She usually goes to the market at 10 a.m. every morning.

Michael is going fishing.

He goes fishing on Saturday afternoons.

Paddy is throwing stones.

He usually throws stones,

but sometimes he plays with marbles.

We are going to school.

We go to school every day.

A stork is standing on the chimney.

It likes to stand on chimneys.

Miss Staley is talking to Paddy.

She knows Paddy.

Negative questions

Does Mrs. Heath wash up? Yes, she does. She always washes up after meals. Doesn’t Mr. Heath wash up? No, he doesn’t.

Is Paddy throwing stones?

Yes, he is. He usually throws stones.

Doesn’t he go fishing?

No, he doesn’t.

Are you learning the Present Tense?

Yes, we are.

Aren’t you students?

Yes, we are.

Must children sleep late?

No, they mustn’t.

Mustn’t they study?

Yes, they must.

Is Miss Staley teaching geography?

Yes, she is.

Isn’t she showing the map? Yes, she is.

Can Michael drive a car?

No, he can’t.

Can’t he ride a bicycle?

Yes, he can.

Do you understand                         _f

the Present Tense now?

Yes, we do.

Don’t you use it?

Yes, we do.

Are you going to play tennis? Yes, I am.

Aren’t you going to play with me?

Yes, I am.

Can I play, mummy?

No, you can’t.

Aren’t I a good boy?

Yes, you are, but you mustn’t play now.

olALOGU E

mary:     isn’t it Saturday to-day?

KATHY.        Yes, it is.

mary:            Aren’t you playing tennis now?

kathy:           No, I’m not. I’m looking at the tennis match.

mary:            Haven’t you got a tennis racket?

kathy:           Yes, I have; here it is.

mary.            Then why don’t you play?

kathy:           Because I haven’t got any tennis shoes.

mary:            I can play tennis. Do you want to play with me?

KATHY:        NO, I don’t.

mary:            Why? Aren’t I good enough?

kathy:           Perhaps you are good enough but I haven’t got my tennis shoes.

mary:            Can’t you play without your tennis shoes?

kathy:           Perhaps I can, but I can’t play well enough.

mary:            Then let’s play marbles. Don’t you play marbles?

kathy:           Yes, sometimes I do, but I haven’t got any marbles.

mary.            Hasn’t anybody here got any marbles?

kathy:           No, nobody has. They’ve all got tennis balls and rackets.

mary:            Then mustn’t we do something? I don’t like to sit here and only look at the tennis match.

kathy:           Yes, I agree. We can walk. Oh, look! My brother is going to play now. Doesn’t he play well?

mary.           Yes, he does. Let’s walk then.

DIALOGUE

Can you see that boy over there? Do you know him?

Oh, yes. He’s Phil; he’s my classmate. Don’t you know him?

No, I’m afraid I don’t. Hasn’t he got a fishing-rod? No, he always fishes without a fishing-rod. He only uses a line.

Don’t you fish with him?

No,I don’t. He’s a noisy boy and he talks all the time. Can’t you fish and talk?

No, because the fish go away and I can’t catch them.

Then mustn’t we be quiet, if you want to fish now?

I think we must.

Good morning, Mrs. Heath. Aren’t you late at the market to-day?

Yes, I’m afraid I am a little late. My watch is slow and I don’t know the right time.

Haven’t you got a clock at home? I always look at my clock. Clocks are seldom wrong.

Oh, yes, we’ve got a clock. But don’t clocks stop sometimes?

Yes, they do. Mine is even out of order.

Then don’t you know what time it is?

Oh, I know what time it is by my watch. It’s slow like yours. That’s why I’m late too.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Doesn’t the river Thames flow round London?

No, it doesn’t. It flows through London.

Hasn’t Michael got a fishing-rod?

Yes, he has.

Don’t the Heaths go to the country on week-ends?

Yes, they sometimes do on week-ends.

Can’t Kathy drive a car?

No, she can’t.

Doesn’t it rain very much in England?

Yes, it does.

Aren’t ducks pets?

Sometimes they are.

Haven’t the Heaths got a private aeroplane?

No, they haven’t. They’ve only got a cabin-cruiser.

Mustn’t yOU put your COat On?                                       __ _____ Arent I lazy?

Yes, I think I must; it’s cold.                                      f A

i|

WORDS – IDIOMS

student, öğrenci to show, göstermek match , mag to agree, anlaşmak over there, orada ^to be afraid, korkmak line, misina (metindeki anlam) all the time, sürekli the right time, doğru zaman out of order, bozuk by my watch, saatimle to flow, akmak (nehir için) through, aracılığı ile, vasıtasıyla private, özel to put on, giymek

the watch is the clock is

I’ve got

right

wrong

fast

slow

out of order

the right time the wrong time no watch no clock

Miss Staley and her class

This is a picture of a classroom with Miss Staley and her class. Michael, Kathy, Phil, Susan and other students are in this class. Miss Staley is teaching. She is teaching the Class. She is teaching geography. She is teaching her class geography. She is showing the students a country on the map. The country is Turkey. She is showing Turkey on the map. She is showing Turkey to her students. What is she doing? She is showing them Turkey on the map.

Now a student is raising his hand. He is Ted. He is asking something. He is asking a question. He is asking Miss Staley a question. He does not know the name of the capital of Italy. Miss Staley is telling him. She is telling him the name of the capital of Italy. She is showing him Rome on the map.

Here are Alex and Susan. They are talking. Miss Staley is telling them that students must not talk in class. But Alex only wants a •••• pencil. He has no p6ncii. Hs ¡3 asking ^usan to give nim n puncn. What is Susan doing? She is giving him a pencil. She is giving a pencil to Alex because she has two pencils and he has no pencil. Is Alex going to keep the pencil? No, he is going to give it back to Susan; because the pencil is hers. Susan is only lending the =W7 pencil. She Is landing A!ex the DeneiL She is lendina it to him

Turkish history. She is telling tnem ine nameo

Osman, Mehmet II, Süleyman the Magnificent, Selim etc. She is

going to ask them questions and give them another lesson about

ï UfKeÿ. me ouiuwih» _M,w – –                                   *^U‘“/ ^l51‘“                    «H

about Turkey. They often ask Miss Staley questions about Turkey s history. Miss Staley answers the questions and tells them all about these great men.

DIALOGUE

first STUDENT: What’s Miss Staley going to do to-day?

second STUDENT: I think she’s going to tell us about Turkey.

first STUDENT: Is it geography again? Look she’s going to the map.

second STUDENT: You are right, but I think she’s going to teach us all about Turkey; so she must first show us Turkey on the map.

first student: Perhaps you are right. Let’s see. Hush! She’s looking at us.

miss Staley: Yes, what do you want to ask, Ted?

TED:                          Can you tell us the capital of Italy, please?

Miss STALEY: Well, we aren’t doing geography now. I’m only showing you Turkey on the map because I want to teach you its history. However, the capital of Italy is Rome.

TED:                           I’m sorry, Miss Staley. When are you going to

teach us Roman history?

Miss STALEY: I will teach you Roman history next month.

To-day I’m going to tell you all about Turkey. Here’s Turkey on the map. It’s in the Balkan peninsula. It’s in the south-east, with the Aegean sea in the west. Turkey is a country of many cities: Ankara, Istanbul, İzmir, Adana, Eskişehir are some of these cities.

Can you give me a pencil, please. I have no pencil to-day.

Yes, I think I can give you a pencil; I’ve got two with me. Here’s a pencil.

Thank you; I’m going to give it back to you after school.

Why are you two children talking down there? You mustn’t talk when I’m giving you a lesson. You must know that.

I’m sorry, Miss Staley. I have no pencil and Susan is lending me one of her two pencils. We aren’t really talking.

It’s all right then. Now listen to the lesson.

What is it, Kathy? What do you want to ask? Why do we call Eskişehir?

Well, Eski means old, and şehir means city. Eskişehir mean’s the old city.

Can yo’U~remHr4©–ms?

Yes, certainly. Here it is.

Can I ask you a question? Yes, you can. I’m listening. Can you tell me the time? Yes, it’s four o’clock.

What’s Miss Staley teaching? She’s teaching history.

Who is she teaching?

She’s teaching us history.

Please show me your house. Here it is. This is my house. Now show me your room. There’s my room!

What’s that?

It’s a cake.

What’s Mrs. Heath doing? She’s giving the children some cake.

Haven’t you got an umbrella? No, I haven’t and it’s raining. Well, can I lend you mine? Thank you; you are very kind.

What’sTed asking Miss Staley? He’s asking her a question about Italy.

What’s she answering?

She’s telling him the name of the capital of Italy.

WORDS – IDIOMS – HISTORY

to raise, kaldırmak capital, başkent to want, istemek to give, vermek keep it, sende kalsın to give back, geri vermek to lend, ödünç vermek to continue devam etmek

in a way, bir biçimde after all, sonuç olarak

ancient, eski (tarihsel) God, Tanrı peninsula, yanmada city-state, şehir devleti really, gerçekten certainly, elbette, tabii

More about the verb to have

What is Miss Staley doing? She is giving her class a history lesson. She gives this class a history lesson four times a week. The students of this class have history lessons four times a week. How many times a week have they geography iessons? The students of this class have geography lessons three times a week. They don’t have music lessons three times a week. They only have music lessons every Friday.

Mr. Heath is shaving. He shaves every morning before breakfast. He has a shave every morning before breakfast. Michael does not have a shave because he is too young. Kathy does not have a shave. Nobody has a shave, except Mr. Heath. But Kathy and Michael have a wash and a shower every morning. Do Mr. and Mrs. Heath have a shower and a wash every morning? Yes, they do. Everybody has a shower and a wash every morning. Sometimes when they are not in a hurry they have a bath, but the Heaths usually have a bath in the evening before they go to bed.

DIALOGUE – ON THE TELEPHONE

—      Good morning, Mrs. Heath. Nice day to-day, isn’t it?

—      Good morning, Mrs. Smith. Yes indeed it is.

—      How are you? What are you doing now?

—      Oh, I’m all right, thank you;

I am having a cool shower because it’s hot.

—      Do you often have a cool shower?

—      Well, I have one every day in summer.

What are you doing?

—      Oh, I’m having a cold drink. It is hot indeed.

—      Hello, Paddy. What are you doing?

—      Hello! I’m having a bath.

—      Good boy! How come you are having a bath?

You usually don’t have baths.

—      Well I don’t like baths and I don’t have them very often, but to-day I’m celebrating my birthday.

That’s why I’m having a bath.

—      How nice! Many happy returns then; and have a good bath.

—      Thank you for the wishes but no bath is a good bath!

GRAMMAR

“to have“ fiil gibi kullanıldığında aynı cümledeki nesneye göre Türkçe’de çeş* antamlar kazanır. Have a bath – Banyo yapmak, Have a drink – İçki “r ~     – vompk vemek aibi. Soru ve olumsuz biçimleri de tıpkı

diğer fîüıer gibi to do yardımcı fiili kullanılarak yspuir.

All people have three meals a day. They have breakfast in the morning, lunch at noon, and dinner in the evening. Breakfast is their first meal, lunch is their second meal, and dinner is their last meal.

In England people have a big breakfast. They have eggs, butter and jam and tea or coffee. Sometimes, the first thing they have is fruit juice like orange-squash, pineapple juice, or grapefruit juice.

For lunch they do not have fruit juice or eggs, butter and jam. They usually have a hot meal of meat or fish and vegetables. Some people have lunch with coca-cola. Busy people usually have a small lunch with tea or coffee.

Dinner in England is a big meal. People have soup, meat or fish, and vegetables.

In Turkey breakfast is a small meal. Nobody drinks fruit-juice and very few people have sausages and eggs. They like better drink tea or coffee. The climate in Turkey is hot and people do not have a big breakfast. But people have a big lunch and a big dinner.

The Turkish have lunch and dinner early because people go to bed ¹ early.

FOR STUDY

Where is Michael now?

He’s here. He’s having a bath.

Doesn’t he have a bath in the morning?

No, he doesn’t. He has it in the evening.

When do the Smiths have lunch?

They have it late.

How late do they have it?

Oh very late; at about one o’clock.

What’s Tom doing?

He’s having a sleep.

Doesn’t he have a sleep at night?

No, he doesn’t. He likes to have a sleep in the morning.

Does Fluffy have a nice time in the country?

Oh, yes he does. He plays with other dogs and he has a lot of fun. Why does he have fun?

Because he chases rabbits.

Do students have long holidays in Britain?

No, they don’t. They have summer holidays in July and August.

WORDS – IDIOMS

shave, traş olma wash, yıkama shower, duş bath* banyo indeed, gerçekten wish, dilek bacon, beykon fruit, meyve

how come? nasıl oiuyor aa how nice! ne güzel

many happy returns, nice mutlu yıllara (yaşgününde) to have a nice time, iyi vakit geçirmek to have fun, eğlenmek

The present perfect tense (simple)

A’**¹* s Mr Heath doing?

»^ ^                                                           ‘ P ®

■=* ° if

“s ^                   ^T ” -• arrRcnr–:”.

He smokes his pipe after he has dinner.

What is Michael doing?

He is dressing.

He has had his shower and now he is dressing. He has a shower before he dresses every morning.

What is Phil doing?

He is reading a book about Rome.

Has he visited Rome?

No, he hasn’t visited Rome, but he has visited Paris.

Kathy is going to go to school.

She has had her breakfast, she has opened the door and now she is going out.

She is going to go to school.

The window is open because it is hot.

In summer Mrs. Heath opens the windows.

It is a hot day today

and she has opened the window.

Is the bus running?

No, it is not, because it has stopped.

Why has it stopped?

Because this is a bus-stop. It has stopped ^e because people are at the bus-stop.

Why is Mrs. Heath taking off her apron?

Because she has washed up

and she has finished her work in the kitchen.

WORDS

to take off, çıkarmak apron, önlük

GRAMMAR

THE PAST PARTICIPLE – EDİLGEN FİİL-SIFATLAR

1. Türkçe’de fiillerin köklerine, -mış, -ik ekleri koyarak elde ettiğimiz sıfatlar, (kırılmış, kırık, oynanmış, sorulmuş) İngilizce’de bu adla anılır­lar. Fiil köküne -ed, -d ekleri konarak yapılırlar. Fiilin sıfat niteliği alışı geçmiş zamanda olmuştur.

.PRINCIPAL PARTS – FİİL GÖVDELERİ PEG ULAR VERBS – KURALLI FİİLLER

a^sv^r^^nswerecr^ answered—————

attract – attracted – attracted Kaiîoyo . helieved – believed

« ö. ” y~ ‘vdi i iwvi ^– *vU’*^:““

nurry – hurled hurried tike – liked – liked love – loved – loved rest – rested – rested try – tried – tried

IRREGULAR VERBS – KURALSIZ FİİLLER

bite – bit – bitten bring – brought – brought catch – caught – caught come – came – come dig – dug – dug do – did – done feed – fed – fed forget – forgot – forgotten get – got – got go – went – gone hold – held – held know – knew – known let – let – let light – lit – lit lose – lost – lost make – made – made rise – rose – risen run – ran – run see – saw – seen speak – spoke – spoken spend – spent – spent teach – taught – taught tell – told – told think – thought – thought understand – understood – understood

»——— ►

Sessiz harfle biten kimi tek heceli fiiller -ed eki alırlarken sondaki sessiz harften önce sesli harf varsa iki kez yazılır: stop – stopped – stopped. Kurallı fiillerin ikinci ve üçüncü hallerini bulmak için, öğrendiğimiz ekleri fiil köküne ekleyerek fiil gövdelerini buluruz. Ama aynı kolaylık kuralsız fiillerde yoktur. Kuralsız fiillerin basit geçmiş zamanla (simple past tense) kullanılan ikinci hallerini ve çeşitli zaman ve kiplerle kullanılan 3cü hallerini ezberlemekten başka yol yoktur. Sayfa 17’de örnek cümleler gördüğünüz ve açıklamasını birsonraki dersin sonunda bulacağınız simple present perfect tense, have yardımcı fiili ile fiilin 3cü hali kullanılarak yapılır. Aşağıdaki örneklerde kuralsız fiillerin bu zamanla kulanımına ilişkin örnekler görüyorsunuz.

SİMPLE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE WITH IRREGULAR AND REGULAR VERBS

Has Mr. Heath gone to work? No, he hasn’t; he’s still here. Has Mrs. Heath come back? Yes, she has;

she has already come back.

Has Michael studied his lessons?

Yes, he has;

he has already gone to bed. Has Kathy had her dinner? No,she hasn’t; she’s still having it.

Has Paddy got up?

No, he hasn’t; he’s still in bed.

Has his mother made the

she’s already serving it.

Has Tom eaten his meal? Yes, he has;

he has already eaten it. Has he slept?

No, he hasn’t; he’s sitting on a chair.

Has Miss Staley taught geography?

Yes, she has;

she has already taught

geography.

Has she taught history?

No, she hasn’t;

she’s still teaching history.

Has Mr. Smith shaved? Yes, he has.

vm. ^nci hes >»reaay having breakfast.         ⁼

Have the children got up? No, they haven’t got up yet. Has the dog had its meal? Yes it has.

Oh, has it had it already?

Mary has read the book.

Oh, has she read it already? George hasn’t washed yet. Oh, hasn’t he washed yet?

I’ve seen Mrs. Smith.

Oh, have you seen her already?

Have you told her the news? No, I haven’t told her the news yet.

Does Helen still go to school? Yes she does, but she hasn’t gone to University yet.

Oh, hasn’t she?

still – yet – already

GRAMMAR

1. still = hâlâ (olumlu ve soru cümlelerinde kullanılır) Example:

She is still here. Is she still here?

He still goes to school. Does he still go to school?

1. yet = henüz (soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır) Example:

He isn’t here yet. Has he come yet?

1. already = daha şimdiden (olumlu ve soru cümlelerinde Example:

He has already come. Has he already come?

PRINCIPAL PARTS

be – was – been have – had * had ^e drink – drank – drunk eat – ate > eaten sleep – slept – slept sit – sat – sat teach – taught • taught hear – heard – heard read – read – read

An old man

This is an old man. He has been a teacher, but now he does not work. He is too old to work. He is sitting on a bench in the park. Now he can rest without working and he can enjoy the fresh air of the park.

There he is, alone, without any company. He has just read the newspaper and he is thinking. He is thinking of his past life. He has taught hundreds of children and he has been a teacher at a lot of schools. His pupils loved him, he remembers.

He has married and he has a wife and two children. His children are married now and he lives alone with his old wife. She is not with him because she is too old to wal k to the park. He remembers a lot of things now. He remembers that he has been a student, that he has played in the playground of this park and that he has visited a lot of countries and cities and has seen a lot of places and people. He has visited countries in Europe, but now he is too old to travel. He can only walk to the park and remember. But he is still happy, because he has done a lot of good things. He has helped and loved his pupils, he has been a good father to his children and a good husband to his wife. He is a good man because he has done his duty. His name is Mr. Heath. He is Mr. Heath’s father. He is a happy and proud grandfather and his wife is a happy grandmother. They both love their grandchildren and Michael and Kathy adore their grandparents.

WORDS

bench, sıra (parkta)

to enjoy, tadına varmak

fresh, taze

to think, düşünmek

to think of, gözünde canlandırmak

life, yaşam, hayat

to remember, hatırlamak, anımsamak to marry, evlenmek to travel, yolculuk etmek, gezmek to help, yardım etmek to live, yaşamak, yaşam sürmek duty, görev ‘ grandfather, dede grandmother, nine grandparents, dede ve nine grandchildren, torun to adore, çok sevmek, tapmak

Miss Staley at home

This is Miss Staley. She is sitting in an armchair in her living-room and it is half past eight in the evening. She always comes back from school at five o’clock every day.

How long has she been here? She has been here since five o’clock. She has been here for three and a half hours.

When M iss Staley goes home after school she has a bath and then she makes tea at six o’clock. At a quarter past six she sits in her armchair, drinks tea and reads a book. She is still reading a book now and it is half past eight.

How long does Miss Staley sit in her armchair?

She sits in her armchair for two hours and fifteen minutes.

In October it gets dark at five thirty because the day is short and ; the night is long. Miss Staley then turns on the lights because she cannot read in the dark. It is early October now and the iiohts^have been on since half past five. They have been on for three hours.

What is Mr. Heath doing?

He is washing his car.

He has not washed it since Sunday and it is Thursday now.

He has not washed it for four days.

Mrs. Heath is making a cake.

She has not made a cake for a long time. She has not made a cake since Kathy’s birthday.

Kathy’s birthday is in August and now it is October.

She has not made a cake for two months.

These two men are shaking hands.

They are shaking hands

because they have not seen each other

since the beginning of October.

They have not seen each other for 10 days.

Mrs. Heath is going to the hairdresser’s. She has not visited the hairdresser’s for a month.

She has not visited the hairdresser’s since the beginning of September.

Michael is going to play tennis.

He has not played tennis since last Saturday and it is Saturday to-day.

He has not played tennis for a week.

—      Good morning, Paddy.

—      Good morning, Michael;

aren’t we early to school to-day?

—      Yes, indeed we are.

How long have you been here?

—      Oh, I’ve been here since half past seven.

I’ve been here for 15 minutes already,

and I’ve seen a few other classmates already.

They’ve come early too.

—      Hello Mrs. Smith.

Have you already come to the market?

—      Good morning, Mrs.Heath.

Yes, I’ve come early to-day

because I’m going to go to the hairdresser’s this morning. I’ve already been here for 20 minutes.

I’ve been here since half past eight.

—      It’s rather late now and I must go.

—      Oh, please stay.

You haven’t stayed very long.

—      Well I’ve stayed since six o’clock and it’s almost eight now.

I’ve stayed for almost two hours.

—      What are you studying?

—      I’m studying French now.

—      Are you learning French?

—      Yes, I am.

—      How long have you studied French?

—      Oh, I’ve studied French for two years

and I can speak French a little now.

Michael and Kathy have gone to the cinema

mr. heath: What time is it?

mrs. heath. It’s seven o’clock; I’ve just looked at my watch. mr. heath: Are the children still out? mrs. heath: Yes, they are; they haven’t come back yet. mr. heath: Isn’t it rather late? How long have they been out? mrs. heath: Well, it’s Sunday and I’ve given them permission to stay out a little late to-day. mr. heath. How long have they stayed out already? mrs. heath- They’ve stayed out for about 3 hours; they’ve been out since four o’clock. mr. heath: But why have they been out so long? mrs. heath. They’ve gone to the cinema and the picture is a long one; it’s “The Bridge on the River Kwai” ; it’s a long picture, you know. mr. heath. Yes, I know. At least it’s a good picture. Have they taken their umbrellas with them? It’s raining outside. mrs. heath: No, they haven’t; but the cinema is quite near. mr. heath: Tom and Fluffy are sleepy. Have you fed them? mrs. heath No, I haven’t. The children always feed them. Besides Tom sleeps all day long.

grammar

SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A Türkçe’de zaman olarak tam karşılığı bulunmamakla birlikte biraz zorla- mayla ‘gelmMurumday,m“ ya da “yaprrnş bulunuyorum“ cümlelerinde­ki -mis durumdayım, -miş bulunuyorum” terimlerinin bu zamana benze­diği söylenebilir. Bu zamanla cümle yapmak için to have yardımcı asıl fiilin üçüncü hali kullanılır.

Örnek:

l have closed – kapatmış bulunuyorum.

\ have eaten – yemiş durumdayım.

Soru ve olumsuz cümle yapmak, için, to have yardımcı fiili (3cu teKiı şalruslarcia has) başa a\\n\r. A.s\\ Vu\ değilmeden Ka\w.

Örnek:

Have I closed? – I have not (haven’t) closed Have I eaten? – I have not (haven’t) eaten

B. Hangi durumlarda Simple present perfect tense kullanıyoruz?

1. Geçmişte belirli olmayan herhangi bir zamanda yapmış olduğumuz ve bize bir deneyim, bir bilgi bırakmış olan eylemlilikleri anlatırken: Örnek:

Michael has visited France.

She has seen an elephant.

We have seen that picture.

Geçmişte başlanan iş henüz bitmişse, yine bu zaman kullanılır. Bu durumda, “şimdi, şu anda” anlamlarına gelen just sözcüğü de cümleyle birlikte kullanılabilir.

He has just gone.

I have just come.

They have just made it.

—■ Geçmiş zBmanin                  hir rtrunriii uRsisysn vc konuşmakta oiduâu^–

muz belirli ana kadar süren durumları anlatırken:

I have worked since 8 o’clock

Görüldüğü gibi, bu cümlede bir de since sözcüğü kullandık. Sekizden beri çalışmakta olduğumuzu söyledik böylece.

Konuştuğumuz anda saat 11 ’se, üç saattir çalışmaktayız demektir, bu durumu şöyle ifade ederiz:

I have worked for 3 hours

Başka örnekler görelim:

I have not seen John since Monday I have not seen John for 3 days She has studied Italian since 1987 She has studied Italian for three years

İngilizce’de çok sık kullanılan bu zaman Türkçe’ye çevrilirken kimi zaman -di’li geçmiş zaman, kimi zaman miş’li geçmiş zaman ya da bunların varyantları kullanılır. Bu zamanı öğrenmenin en iyi yolu ise, Türkçe’ye çevirmeğe çalışmadan, İngilizce düşünmeğe çabalayarak kavramaktır.

WORDS – IDIOMS

how long, ne kadar zaman since, -den beri to get dark, havanın kararması to turn on/off, (ışığı) açmak/kapamak to shake hands, el sıkışmak hairdresser, kuaför hairdesser’s, kuaför (işyeri) beginning, başlangıç * to be out, dışarıda olmak permission, izin

at least, en azından, hiç olmazsa quite, epeyce

PRINCIPAL PARTS- IRREGULAR VERBS shake – shook – shaken

The simple past tense (auxiliary verbs)

To-day is Monday. Yesterday was Sunday.

I’m here at school to-day. I was not here yesterday.

You are here at home now. You were not here at 12 o’clock noon. You were at school.

We are home to-day. We were in the country yesterday.

We were with my aunt yesterday. She lives in the country.

Michael is eleven years old this year.

He was ten years old last year.

Where is your father? He’s not here.

He was here an hour ago, but he is not here now.

Were you at home yesterday afternoon?

No, I wasn’t but I was here yesterday evening.

We were in İstanbul two months ago. We were not in Paris.

We were in Paris last month.

Were you at the theatre yesterday?

No, I wasn’t at the theatre; I was at the cinema.

Was Michael at the seaside this afternoon?

No, he wasn’t; he was in the park.

Were we at school yesterday?

No, you weren’t, because it was Sunday.

Is it a sunny day to-day?

Yes, it is, but yesterday was a rainy day.

Wasn’t it a rainy day last Thursday?

No, it wasn’t but it was a cold day.

Weren’t you at home this morning?

No, I wasn’t; I was at school.

Weren’t they in Istanbul last summer?

No, they weren’t; they were in France.

was not=wasn’t were not = weren’t

The verb to be

I had a bicycle last year. This year I have no bicycle.

You had a cold yesterday. You are well to-day.

He had a few balloons two hours ago, but now he hasn’t any.

She had a doll, when she was 8″years old. Now she hasn’t.

That dog had a house when it was in the country; it has no house now in the city.

We had a very good teacher last year.

We have a different teacher this year.

You had a scooter at noon. Whose scooter was it?

They had a mouse in their house last year; now they haven’t.

Had you a bicycle last year?

No, I hadn’t but I had a scooter.

Had Michael any marbles yesterday?

No, he hadn’t; he only had a ball.

Had Kathy a doll with her this morning?

No, she hadn’t; she only had a flower.

Had Fluffy a bone in his mouth a few minutes ago?

Yes, he had.

Had your old house a chimney?

No, it hadn’t, but my new house has.

Had we tennis-rackets when we went to the tennis court? No, we hadn’t.

Had they any books the first day at school?

No, they hadn’t.

had not=hadn’t

The verb to have

He could play all day last summer because there was no school. I could count from one to one hundred when I was 4 years old.

My car was very good when it was new; it could run very fast. They could play tennis every Saturday

har>Qi ica thara u<ac rt/~k crhnrti in the attornnnn

k/wwuuwiw v i ■ w ■ w  i fw #w%=?£ ? = ? vi I v ^ ■ ivi * iwwi *■

We could go swimming every day when we had a car.

Now we can’t because our house is a iong way from the sea.

Could you go to the theatre last Sunday?

No, I couldn’t because there were no tickets.

Could Paddy fish when he was at the seaside with Michael? No, he couldn’t because he does not know how to fish.

We couldn’t go out last Sunday because the weather was rainy.

They couion i uuy tnc                                                             y ^r,=i,~ nrj ¡¡¡uiicv.

He had a dog but it couldn’t run because it was old.

Couldn’t you pass the examination?

No, 1 couldn’t; it was too difficult.

could not=couldn’t

The verb can

Have you prepared your geography lesson?

No, sir; I haven’t. I was too busy yesterday and I couldn’t prepare it.

Were you busy all day? Yesterday was Sunday. ₍ Weil, we had a walk in the morning.

Couldn’t you study after?

No, sir; I couldn’t because there was rain.

Does it rain inside your house? Can’t you study when it rains?

No, sir, because I love rain. I like to look at the rain.

It was not rainy in the afternoon. Couldn’t you study then?

No, sir, because I was busy.

Were you busy with other lessons?

No, sir; I couldn’t study any lessons then.

And why couldn’t you study any lessons then?

My friends were at home. When they come home we play.

Then you could certainly¹ find time to study in the evening.

No, sir, because I was busy again.

Why were you busy then?

Oh, I had dinner, sir, and then it was too late to study.

Two women have a chat

MRS. smith: Hello Mrs. Jones. How nice it rs to see you after the holidays. How are. you?

MRS. JONES: Good afternoon, Mrs. Smith. I’m all right, thank you;

and how are yoi/?

MRS. SMITH: I’m fine, thank you. I haven’t seen you since last July. MRS. JONES: That’s right. We were on holiday in August. We were in Turkey.

mrs. smith: Oh, were you? Isn’t Turkey too far? mrs. JONES: Weii, ii’s a iitiie far away but it s only 4 hours by plane. How about you?

Where were you for a holiday?

MRS SMiT»’ We couldn’t go anywhere this year. I was ill.

jqhes* Oh, I’m sorry to hear that. But how long were you ill? v-S SV’lH: A!J summer long, but I’m all right now.

S\£S So now you must wait for next year to come. smith. Oh, that’s too long io wait. We are going to spend Christmas in Paris and stay for two weeks.

MRS JONES: Isn’t it rather too cold in Paris then?

MRS. smith: It’s a little cold but it’s not so far. I wanted to go to Turkey but we couldn’t pay so much money; the fares are too high. You see we have made a mistake. We had a lot of money last year and we had our holidays in Scotland to save money and buy a new car. mrs. JONES: Well, at least you can enjoy a new car. By the way, couldn’t you drive to Turkey in it? mrs. SMITH: But it’s too small. It can only take half the family! MRS. JONES: So last year you had a new car, this year you were ill and you couldn’t go to Turkey and now you are well but the car isn’t big enough. That’s bad luck!

■■                         ri-‘

^:‘^v                     ¿rtiÄf‘-fc’klMi eri

WORDS – IDIOMS

yesterday, dün seaside, deniz kıyısı different, farklı ticket, bilet examination, sınav chat, sohbet _t     on holiday, tatilde

to spend (Christmas), (Noel’i) geçirmek

ill, hasta

fares, bilet ücreti

mistake, hata, yanlış

enjoy, tadını çıkarmak

PRINCIPAL PARTS – IRREGULAR VERBS take – took – taken pay – paid – paid

NOTES FOR STUDY

ADVERBIAL PHRASES OF TIME • ZAMAN ZARFI CÜMLELERİ

yesterday morning, dün sabah yesterday noon, dün öğleyin

yesterday afternoon, dün öğleden sonra                             *

yesterday evening, dün akşam

last night, dün gece

last Monday, geçen Pazartesi

last Tuesday, geçen Salı

last Wednesday, geçen Çarşamba

last week, geçen hafta

last year, geçen yıl

DIFFICULT WORDS – ZOR SÖZCÜKLER

1. 1.    Ago = “önce” anlamına gelir. Bu nedenle genellikle geçmiş zamanla kullanılır.

Örnekler:

I had a dog 3 years ago.

She was a student 4 years ago.

They were here two hours ago.

1. 2.    Fine = Sıfat ve zarf olarak kullanılır ve “iyi, güzel, hoş” anlamına gelir. Örnekler:

He is a good boy. Fine, then he is certainly a good student.

Have you finished your study? Yes, I have. Fine, you can play now.

1. 3.    Hear – “duymak, işitmek” anlamına gelir. Bir haberi duymak anlamı da

vardır.

ürnekier:                                                                     ^–

I hear that he is going to go to England.

I hear that George going to be a doctor.

to hear fiili hangi anlama geiirse gelsin, sürekli zamanda asla kulla= nılmaz

Long = “uzun” anlamına gelen sıfat.

Örnekler:

A long dress. A long tail

a long time, how long, to be long terimlerinde “zaman uzunluğu” hoiirtmpk icin kullanılır.

He had studied English tor a long nme How long have they been here?

Don’t be long! (geç kalma)

Aynı sözcük bir noktadan uzaklığımızı belirtmek için de kullanılır. Örnekler:

His house is a long way from here.

It’s a long way to Tipperary.

This = Türkçe’deki “bu” işaret sıfatının görevini yapar. Günün vakitleri ile kullanıldığında “bugün” anlamı verir.

This morning = bu sabah

This afternoon – bugün öğleden sonra

This evening = bu akşam

Tonight = bu akşam (hiçbir zaman this night denmez)

Zamanla ilgili benzer terimlerin de benzer anlamları vardır.

This week = bu hafta This month – bu ay This year = bu yıl

Ayrıca, ülkemiz, şehrimiz derken de, our country demek yerine, this country, this city, this town deriz.

To save sözcüğü, korumak anlamına geldiği gibi, kurtarmak ve tasarruf etmek anlamlarına da gelir. He has saved my life (hayatımı kurtardı). He is saving money to go to England.

He has saved 3.000 Liras.

A car goes fast; it saves time.

Burn gas and save electricity. (Havagazı yakıp elektrikten tasarruf edin).

The verb to do

SIMPLE PAST TENSE AFFIRMATIVE

I did You did He did She did It did We did You did They did

To do fiili bağımsız fiil olarak kullanıldığı zaman, “yapmak” anlamına gelir. Ayrıca cümleleri olumsuz ve soru durumunda yazmak için yardımcı fiil olarak da kullanılır. İlginç bir durumsa, fiilimizin bir cümlede hem ana fiil hem de yardımcı fiil olarak kullanılmasıdır. Örneklere bakarak bu durumu inceleyin.

did not = didn’t

Boylece to dö fnttnmgeçiniş^                                        olan did sözcûâü^Lİlana-

rak geçmiş zaman, past tense ile olumsuz ve soru cümleler yapabiliriz. Örnekler:

Did I play? = oynadımmı?

He didn’t come = gelmedi.

Didn’t she see you? = seni görmedi mi?

The simple past tense (regular and irregular verbs)

4cü dersin dilbilgisi bölümünde gördüğümüz gibi kurallı fiillerin geçmiş zaman halleri sonlarına -©d yada -d ekleri getirilerek yapılır. Kuralsız fiillerse ezberlenmelidir. İngilizce’de fiillerin çeşitli zamanlarda kullanmak iç^n fiil kökünden türetilmiş üç ayrı biçimi vardır. Birincisi mastar halidir. İkincisi basit geçmiş zamanda kullandığımız ikinci biçim, üçüncüsüyse, “participle” da dediğimiz üçüncü biçimdir. Aşağıdaki metinde, bu üç kullanıma ilişkin çeşitli örnekler sunan bir tekrar bulacaksınız.

—     Did you see Phil at school this morning, Paddy?

—     No, I didn’t.

He was ill and he stayed in bed.

—     Then that’s why I did not see him.

—     That’s right; he’s been ill since last Friday. Didn’t you know?

—     No, I didn’t know. Did you visit him?

—     No, because my mother did not let me.

You see he has caught a bad cold and my mother was afraid,

I could catch it from him.

—     Have you dug the garden, Harold?

—     No, I haven’t, Barbara. I don’t dig it every day. I dug it yesterday.

—     Have you mown the lawn?

—     No, I haven’t because I lost the lawn-mower last week.

—     At least have you washed-up?

1 have had no time to do the dishes because I have been busy with the bedrooms.

—     No, I haven’t.

—haven’t you done anything then?

—       ^¡o, i haven’t. Oh, yes ! have.

! read my newspaper after breakfast,

then I played marbles with Michael

and now I’m playing chase – me with Fluffy.

—      Good Heavens! You have certainly been busy!

—      Have you brought your homework, Phil?

—       No, Miss Staley, I haven’t brought it, but I’ve done it.

—      When did you do it?

—       I did it yesterday afternoon.

—       How long did it take you to do it?

—      Oh, it took me about three hours, Miss Staley

—      What time did you do it?

—       It was from 4 o’clock to 7 o’clock, I think.

—       I think you are wrong.

You did not do it in the afternoon.

Perhaps you haven’t done it at all.

I saw you at the tennis-court yesterday afternoon.

—      Have you visited Italy?

—      Yes. I have. I went there last year.

—      How nice! Where did you stay in Italy?

—      Oh, only in Florence.

Some friends invited us to stay with them and they live in Florence.

—      I’ve heard that Florence is a very interesting city.

—      Indeed it is. It s a beautiful city with many monuments.

—      Yes, I know. Isn’t Michelangelo from Florence?

—      Yes, Michelangelo, and Giotto, and Dante.

Have you visited Italy?

—      Yes. I have. I went there three years ago, but I did not go to Florence or Rome.

I only visited north Italy

and I stayed in Milan and Venice.

—      Oh, Venice is very beautiful.

I’ve always wanted to go to Venice.

—      Yes, like Florence, it’s a city of great history.

I saw a lot of important places

like the Doge’s Palace, museums and monuments.

—      I think that I’m going to go to Venice for my next holiday!

1. Shakespeare

Shakespeare was a great writer of comedies and tragedies. He was born at a small town in the country. The name of the town is Stratford-on-Avon and it is in the middle of England. When Shakespeare became a young man he married Anne Hathaway and after a short time he left Stratford and he went to London. He wanted to work for the theatre. First he became an actor and writer at the same time. His plays were so good that the theatres of that time were full of people. Even to-day, about four hundred years after his death, people fill the theatres to see his plays.

1. 2.   Queen Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth lived in the 16th century. Her father was King Henry VIII and her mother was Anne Boleyn. She was Queen of England for a long time. When she first became Queen, England was a small and poor country, but Spain was rich and very strong. When she died, England was big and strong but Spain then was a poor small country. That happened because Queen Elizabeth was a patriot, a clever and great Queen. She loved her people very much and they loved her too.They called her “Good Queen Bess’

1. The Mosque of Süleyman

This wonderful mosque, was built during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, by the architect Sinan, between 1550 and 1557 A.D. It was built after Suleyman’s return from his victory in Hungary. We must remember that Süleyman the Magnificent decided to build this¹ mosque after 30 years rule; that is why he wanted it to be unique. The mosque was built on one of the seven hills in İstanbul, inside the old Sultan’s palace which no longer exists today. The building consists of an outer courtyard, an inner courtyard and a place for prayer under the central dome. The outer courtyard is surrounded by old buildings which were used for an old academy, caravanserai, hospital, kitchens and baths. A visitor first enters the outer courtyard. On the right there are taps for washing – a ritual which is necessary before prayer. On the left there are 28 columns with 28 domes and a rectangular spring in the middle. This mosque is without doubt the most interesting Islamic building in İstanbul.

WORDS

to mow, biçmek

lawn-mower, çim biçme makinası.

homework, ev ödevi

writer, yazar

comedy, komedi

tragedy, trajedi

was born, doğdu

actor, oyuncu, (dişisi, actress)

mi oy. u van u üyuııU

OİUI I I

to fill, doldurmak century, yüzyıl king, krai

strong, güçlü, dirayetli

wonderful, muhteşem mosque, cam i cî^,-irinö_> .zamanında

Magnificent, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman

architect, mimar

unique, eşsiz

hill, tepe

inside, içinde

palace, saray

no exist, yok

building, bina consist of, …den meydana gelmiş outer, dış inner, iç

prayer, dua, namaz central, merkez dome, kubbe academy, medrese caravanserai, kervansaray hospital, hastane kitchen, mutfak visitor, ziyaretçi

VERBAL PHRASES – FİİL TERİMLER

to be afraid, korkmak

to be busy, meşgul olmak

to be sorry, üzgün olmak, üzülmek

to be hungry, aç olmak, acıkmak

to be thirsty, susamak

to be born, doğmak

to catch cold, soğuk almak, üşütmek

to catch a train, trene yetişmek

to catch an airplane, uçağa yetişmek

to catch a bus, otobüse yetişmek

to catch a ship, vapura yetişmek

Terimlerde gördüğümüz to be ve to catch bölümleri, fiilin kullanıldığı zamana göre çekilirler. Sıfat yada isimlerden türetilen bölümse çekilmeden kalır.

PRINCIPAL PARTS – IRREGULAR VERBS let – let – let catch – caught – caught dig – dug – dug mow – mowed – mown bring – brought – brought do * did – done write – wrote – written

The Teratrve pronoun who – whose – whom • which * that

I’m a milkman.

I‘m the man who delivers the milk here.

He’s the driver of the milk-van.

He’s the man who drives the van.

She’s the girl who sells flowers.

She sells flowers every evening.

We are the people who live next door.

We’ve come to visit you.

They are the gentlemen

who work with my father;

they are Mr. Brown and Mr. Field.

These are the ladies

who come home for tea every week;

they are Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Field.

I’m the dustman;

I’m the man who empties your bin every morning.

He’s the boy that quarrelled with Paddy.

His name is Henry.

She’s the girl that plays the piano / every afternoon; her name is Bess.

We are the children that live next door.

Our names are Sheila and Ben.

They are the people that have lost their way. Let’s help them.

Those are the girls that I’ve invited.

They are Lena and Betty.

They are coming to play with us.

DIALOGUE I

What’s that Kathy?

This is the book that my friend Helen lent me this morning.

Why did she lend it to you?

I wanted to read it; it’s a book which all children like to read.

But aren’t you reading the book which your fathef brought you last week?

Oh, I’ve already read that. It was a very good book. By the way, what have you done with the book which Aunt Edith gave you when we went to visit her?

I’ve lent it to Marcia. She’s the girl who lent me “Lorna Doone” last month.

Is she? And whose book is the book which I found in Michael’s room this morning?

Do you mean the book which has a yellow cover? That’s right, the book which has a yellow cover. That’s Phil’s book. It’s “Robinson Crusoe”. He lent it to Michael last Monday.

No, I don’t mean that book. I know whose book that is. I mean another book whose cover is yellow. Oh, 1 know. That’s Lorna’s book. It s “Treasure Island” by Robert Louis Stevenson.

Yes, yes, that’s the book. Now who is Lorna? She’s the girl whose parents have a shop round the corner.

You know, the shop which is next door to your hairdressers.

Does she go to school with you?

No, she goes to a different school. She takes the school-bii* which stons outside our door everv

—                                     r                              ■ •“ ~ * ^_/

morning.

Dialogue ss

Now, what’s that book that you liked so much? It’s “Robinson Crusoe”, which a writer, whose name Is Daniel Defoe, wrote.

Why aid you iike it so much?

-Won, It s very -Interesting; This man, Rooinson Crusoe, wno came from Hull, Yorkshire, ran away

iTwiti iiio poiui 113.

^¡:^S n A _ -■—- ~

»               mg mw i! iai ;

When he was a young man he got a job on a ship whose destination was a place which was a long way from England.

Was the ship good?

The book doesn’t say; but even ships that sailed across oceans in those days were small and not safe.

Did the captain, whom Crusoe asked for the job, take him?

Oh, yes, it wasn’t difficult to get a job on a ship in those days.

And what happened?

The ship sank in the middle of the ocean and Robinson Crusoe, was the only man who survived. He swam to an island which was small and deserted.

Did he stay there for a long time?

Yes, he stayed there until he almost became an old man. He built a hut, he planted vegetables and he ate wild birds and goats.

That’s why he managed to live for so many years. Oh, yes! Now! remember! I’ve read that book! I read it a long time ago, when I was a child. He’s the man who saved the life of a young native, whom he called Friday. This native, Friday came from another island and some other natives nearly killed him.

Yes. Friday is the young man whom Crusoe saved. And Crusoe is the young man who did not obey his parents and whom God punished!

I’m afraid that’s what the story is about.

WORDS

milkman, sütçü to deliver, dağıtmak milk-van, süt kamyonu to sell, satmak gentleman, beyefendi lady, ladies, hamm(lar) dustman, çöpçü to empty, boşaltmak bin, varil, çöptenekesi to quarrel, kavga etmek piano, piyano to invite, davet etmek cover, kaplama, örtme doctor, doktor treasure, hazine ¡ob, iş

destination, varış yeri

sailed, denize açılmak

safe, güvenli

captain, kaptan

to survive, hayatta kalmak ‘

desert, ıssız (metindeki anlam)

until (till), -e kadar

to manage, başarmak, becermek

to plant, dikmek (bitki)

native, yerli

to obey, itaat etmek

to punish, cezalandırmak

IDIOMATIC PHRASES – DEYİMSEL TERİMLER

next door, kapt komşusu, bitişik ev round the corner, köşeyi dönünce to run away, kaçmak, firar etmek PRINCIPAL PARTS – IRREGULAR VERBS

sell – sold – sold, satmak

lose – lost – lost, kaybetmek

find – found – found, bulmak

mean – meant – meant, kastetmek (bir düşünceyi)

sink – sank – sunk, batmak,

swim – swam – swum, yüzmek

become – became – become, olmak

build – built – built, inşa etmek

shoot – shot – shot, vurmak (kurşun, ok)

GRAMMAR                                                                               ————————-

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN – İLGİ ZAMİRLERİ

who, Türkçe’de “ki o” anlamı veren -an, -en eki. (gelen adam), who zamiri tekil ve çoğul kişiler için değiştirilmeden ve yalın halde kullanılmaktadır.

whom, Türkçe’de “ki onu” diye söylenebilir. Tekii ve çoğullar için

değişmez, Zamir -i halinde kullaniimaktadir.

which, Eşyalar içindir. Anlamca who zamirinin aynısıdır.

The Tr*3st, who is at the door, is my father.

The girl, who is at the door, is my sister.

The men, who are in the school, are teachers.

The women, who are in the school, are teachers.

~he man, whom you saw, is my father.

The woman, whom you saw, is my teacher.

The boys, whom you saw, are my friends.

The girls, whom you saw, are my sisters.

The book, which I have,is Kathy’s.

The chairs, which are in this room, are old.

The car, which you saw, is a Rover.

The apples, which I bought, are red.

İlgi zamirinin ait olduğu şahıs, belirgin değilse yada herhangi bir şahıssa, who, whom ve which yerine that ilgi zamiri kullanılabilir. Örnekler:

A man that plays the piano is a pianist.

Students that do not study are bad students.

The books that I read were all good.

Şu cümle yanlıştır:

My father, that is a doctor, is 40 years old.

Doğrusu:

My father, who is a doctor, is 40 years old.

whose, Türkçe, “ki onu” diye söylenebilir. Zamirin iyelik halinde kullanılışıdır. Tekil ve çoğullar için, kişiler ve eşyalar için kullanımı aynıdır.

_t This is the boy, whose father is a teacher.

That is the woman, whose daughter is my friend.

This is the tree,whose leaves are red.

These are the men, whose children are my classmates.

These are the women, whose husbands are friends.

These are the houses, whose gardens have no lawns.

Not: that sözcüğü hiçbir durumda whose yerine kullanılmaz.

Revision – Tekrar – that ilgi zamiri

Şimdiye dek, that ilgi zamirinin dört durumda kullanılışına rasladık:

1. Uzaktaki kişileri ya da eşyaları gösterirken işaret zamiri olarak kullanıldı.

Örnekler: That is my car. That is a woman.

1. Uzaktaki kişiler yada eşyalar için işaret sıfatı olarak kullanıldı. Örnekler: That car is mine. That woman is tall.
2. “ki” bağlacı olarak kullanıldı.

Örnek: He believes that it will rain.

1. Bir önceki sayfada gördüğümüz gibi, ilgi zamiri olarak.

Örnek: The books that you lent me were new.

Savig?nn ]&§Son

V ss Sta ey has asked her class to write a composition:

S~e ⁿas asked her pupils to describe a party at home.

The children are back to school after the week-end. They nave all brought their homework, the composition.

Here is Michael’s composition.

My birthday party.

Kathy and I invited some of our best friends and had a party to celebrate my eleventh birthday. My birthday is in December. The preparations began on the previous day. It was a very active day for everyone at home.

Father came and went all the time, as he could not buy every­thing at once. There is so much to buy for a party.

Each time he came home his hands were full of packets and boxes, some of which were small and some big. Among other things he bought balloons which we hung above our main door and candles forthe birthday cake . He also brought lots of sweets and cakes. When mother opened the packets and boxes we looked anxiously to see what was in them. But she did not open some of them. We understood that those contained gifts. Howe­ver we were very anxious to know whose gift each packet or box contained, but Daddy did not tell us.

Mother was very busy too. She went to the market and came back with a lot of packets. When she opened them we saw a huge turkey, potatoes, tomatoes, spices and fruit. She also bought flowers. Almost all day long she was busy preparing the turkey for the oven. Like all English families we like roast turkey.

Everybody was busy at home. Kathy and I decorated the living- room with flowers and balloons.

We also had a lot of fun as we tried to taste some of the sweets and cakes but we did not manage to get many. Mother always puts them on a high shelf and so we could not reach them easily. Yet. with the help of a chair, Kathy stole a few sweets as I watched at the door to warn her if mother happened to come in at that moment. With Kathy we even found time to play chase – me in the yard. It was cold but mummy was too busy to remem­ber that we were outside and she did not call us in. Fortunately we were lucky; we did not catch cold.

i am sure that Fluffy and Tom understood that it was an unusual day. Fluffy ran around all of us and barked with excitement all the time. He jumped and yapped with joy when he recognised his favourite food in a red tin, which mother bought for him. Tom did not go up the roof for his usual walk and he did not

q I fie* n    hp H aoc cm cir*> Ho*                 ^                        ^        t-_ _>

, r’ – –                                  ^ „ j                   i iv *v»ii                cvci yuuuy

‘Text day everything was ready for the party. At about five c dock the bell rang and our friends came in. Paddy and his ssster, Ted, Phil and Salwa, an Arab girl who lives next-door. Everyone was very happy. Mummy played the piano, and we all sang and danced. Tom miaowed and Fluffy yapped. They pro­bably enjoyed the music.

The great moment came when father and mother gave us our gifts.

Mine was a wonderful electric train. Even Kathy and our friends had their gifts. Kathy’s was a new doll, which could sing. Paddy had a new necktie and his sister had a book. Phil had a rubber mouse to play with. Salwa was proud of her pearl necklace and Ted wore a new hat!

The rest of the evening we played chase-me and had a lot of fun. Then we had supper and ate sweets and cakes to our heart’s content.

What a pity we don’t celebrate my birthday twice a year at least!

WORDS

composition, kompozisyon previous, önceki active, etkin, aktif packet, paket among, arasında mistletoe, ökseotu main door, ana kapı candle, mum anxiously, merakla to contain, içermek gift, armağan, hediye anxious, meraklı, sabırsız huge, kocaman turkey, hindi potato, patates spice, baharat oven, fırın roast, fırında pişmiş to roast, fırında pişirmek to decorate, süslemek to try, çabalamak to taste, tatmak to warn, uyarmak moment, an fortunately, iyi ki lucky, şanslı sure, kuşkusuz excitement, coşku to yap, neşeli havlama to recognise, tanımak

favourite, en sevdiği tin, konserve

usual, her zamanki, alışılmış especially, özellikle curious, meraklı to sniff, koklamak contents, içerik carol(s), bayram şarkıları electric, elektrik, elektrikli train, tren

collar, tasma, yakalık rubber, silgi pearl, inci necktie, kravat

The reflexive pronouns

I’ve cut my finger;

I’ve cut myself and blood is coming out.

Be careful; dont’t hit yourself with that ruler.

What’s the matter with Phil?

Why hasn’t he come to school to-day? He hurt himself with a hammer and he’s going to the doctor.

Mrs. Heath is washing herself because she is going to cook.

The cat is washing itself; it has just had its meal.

We are washing ourselves because we have just finished playing basket-ball.

Where are the children?

They are washing themselves; they are going to come downstairs in a few minutes.

Page fifty-nine 59

M^shitTx Do you have any trouble with your children? heath: Well, sometimes i have trouble.

Children are always children. No child is perfect, you see. For instance the other day Kathy cut herself and we took her to the doctor. How about your son ? mrs. smith: He cuts himself almost every week. Besides he never washes himself. I must quarrel with him before he goes to the bathroom. mrs. heath: I think all children do not like to wash themselves.

Even we don’t wash ourselves often enough sometimes.

mrs. smith: Yes, that’s true. What’s the matter with your finger?

Have you cut yourself? mrs. heath: Yes, I’m afraid I cut myself with a knife in the kitchen the other day.

mrs. smith: Well, housework is so difficult. We tire ourselves with so many things that we become careless. mrs. heath: That’s right. Now here’s some tea and a tray with biscuits. I know that you like them. Please help yourself; we are old friends. mrs. smith: Oh, thank you. Yes, we are old friends, so I must make myself at home. By the way, did you hear about the Brown children? mrs. heath: No, what about them?

mrs. smith: They ran away from home last week and the police brought them back yesterday. mrs. heath: How bad! They must be ashamed of themselves!

The emphasizing pronouns

mr heath: What a lovely cake! Where did you buy it? mrs. heath: I did not buy it; I made it!

mr. heath: Did you really make this wonderful cake yourself? mrs. heath: Yes dear; I made it myself.

mr. heath.- Congratulations then dear. By the way, why are tl^e children out so late? mrs. heath: I’m afraid they are growing up now and they don’t think it’s so late. mr. heath: Did you tell them to come back home early? mrs. heath: I did; even so they are late. mr. heath: Well, we ourselves were late sometimes when we were their age, weren’t we? Children often think that they know better. mrs. heath: That’s right. After all they are responsible children.

You are late to come home sometimes yourself, aren’t you?

mr. heath: And so are you, when you go shopping. Now, how about another piece of that wonderful cake? mrs. heath: Yes, dear. I’m bringing you the whole cake and you can eat to your heart’s content!

THE REFLEXIVE OR EMPHASIZING PRONOUN’ ÜONUŞLU YA DA VURGULAmALI ZAMİRLER

Myself

Yourself

Himself

Herself

Itself

Ourselves

Yourselves

Themselves

Aynı zamirler hem dönüşlü hem de vurgulamalı zamir olarak kullanı­lırlar. Sadece “itself” zamiri bu genel kurala her zaman uymaz. Dönüşlü zamirleri en çok, to cut = kesmek, to wash = yıkamak, to hurt = incitmek, to shave – traş etmek fiilleri ile birlikte kullanılır. Dönüşlü zamirler, fiilden hemen sonra kullanılırlar.

I cut myself. He hurt himself. They washed themselves. Vurgulamalı olarak kullanıldıklarında ise, ya şahıs zamirinden sonra, ya da fiilden sonra kullanılırlar.

I myself did it. ya da; I did it myself. (Ben, kendim yaptım onu) She herself pulled out her tooth, ya da; She pulled out her tooth herself. (Dişini kendisi çekti)

We ourselves painted the house ya da; We painted the house ourselves. (Evi kendimiz boyadık)

Kimi zaman da, vurgulamalı zamir, by bağlacı ile cümleye bağlanır. He did it by himself.

‘ Ama by bağlacının vurgulamalı zamirlerle birlikte.en çok kullanıldığı yer, “yalnızlık” belirten cümlelerdir.

He lives by himself. (Yalnız yaşıyor)

Ayrıca, bu zamirler, for durum ekiyle birlikte de kullanılabilirler.

Listen for yourself (kendin dinle)

Go and see for yogrself (git ve kendin gör)

WORDS

blood, kan ruler, cetvel hammer, çekiç downstairs, alt kat trouble, sorun, güçlük perfect, mükemmel housework, ev işleri to tire, yorulmak careful, dikkatli careless, dikkatsiz

IRREGULAR VERBS

cut – cut – cut, kesmek hit – hit – hit, çarpmak, vurmak hurt – hurt – hurt, incitmek

IDIOMS – PHRASES

for instance, örneğin, mesela to run away, kaçmak, firar etmek to be ashamed, utanmak, utanç duymak even so, bunlara rağmen, öyle olsa da downstairs, alt kat

Çok katlı binalarda katlardan sözedilirken alt katlar için bu sözcük kullanılır. Üst katlar içinse, upstairs denir.

Mr. Smith lives downstairs; he lives on the second floor. Mr. Cook lives upstairs; he lives on the fifth floor.

Ru cumieierde kuiianiian downstairs ve upstairs sözcükleri konu­şanın Duiunaugu yenn un uoiunu üst ya da a?t katlardan herhangi b?ri anlamına yeHr Make,vourseif at horn^. kendi evinmiş gibi (rahatına bak)

Help yourseff7^hake^ouiseTf^nTome^eyymr^lWOT^r—— Misafirin kendi kendine servis yapmasını istemek için kuiianıiır.

Adjective – Degrees of comparison

DIALOGUE

paddy: How old is Phil?

michael: He’s our age; he is as old as we are.

paddy: How old is his brother Ted?

michael: I think he is 15 years old.

paddy: Right, he isn’t our age;

we are not as old as Ted is.

mrs. heath. I’ve just seen Miss Staley. She looks very young/

mrs. smith: How old do you think she is?

mrs. heath: Oh, about twenty-eight.

mrs. smith: Oh, no; she isn’t as young as Miss Fielder.

Miss Fielder is twenty-eight. mrs. heath: She looks twenty-eight. mrs. smith: No, certainly not;

she is not so young as Miss Fielder is.

You know, my brother won the 100 yard sprint. How nice! How fast did he run it?

I think in 9 seconds.

Oh, come on; he couldn’t run 100 yards in 9 seconds!

Not even the world record is so fast as 9 seconds!

Well, I don’t know; but he certainly ran as fast as 10 seconds.

Oh!!!!!!

mr. heath         You are a fast driver George.

mr. smith.         Yes, I love fast driving.

mr. heath:        How fast can you drive?

mr smith:        Oh, as fast as 180 miles an hour.

mr heath:         Come on now. Nobody can drive

SQ fgst            – S-Ä ^rv> ‘ lot*                       nn <3 PtrflOt <->tr mnrl

^{w 1 W%W V} V4W ‘ vv                                   VW W* • I I 4 V Wt V I I                             V\I WW li WI I UUU,

michael: Why didn’t you spend your winter holidays London?

You went to London last year. paddy: I wanted to go to London. You know I like to visit the Zoo and the Planetarium and the parks.

MICHAEL: Y6S, but WHy’ GiUii * yvu y^y ;

paddy: My Mummy didn’t like the idea and we went to Brighton. You see it’s quiet in Brighton and there are no big crowds of people. michael: Well Brighton is a big town with lots of people and even traffic jams. I can’t say that Brighton is a quiet place.

paddy: Yes, but it’s not as noisy as London and the crowds are not as thick and there aren’t as many traffic jams as there are in London. michael: That’s true; there isn’t much noise and there aren’t as many people and cars as there are in London. paddy. Besides we had lots of fun in Brighton with the beaches and the sea and all that. michael: Why didn’t you go to Southend then? Brighton is not as quiet as Southend is. Southend is a small place and it’s by the sea too. You could still have lots of fun in Southend.

paddy: I don’t agree with you. Southend is not as noisy and not as crowded as Brighton but you certainly can’t have so much fun in Southend as you can have in Brighton. You see there are few places for children to play along the beach of Southend. michael: What time is it? i paddy: It’s nearly half past seven and the sun has gone down. michael: Good gracious; I didn’t know it was so late as that. I’m afraid we must go home now; our parents will be anxious.

WORDS

size, büyüklük, hacim large, büyük line, çizgi railway, demiryolu

width, genişlik, wide, geniş sprint, sürat koşusu second, saniye world, dünya

world record, dünya rekoru                                                                _t

mile, mil (5.280 ayak) zoo, hayvanat bahçesi

Planetarium, Planetaryum (yıldız ve gezegenleri canlandıran maket

ve bir teleskopla bu maketin durduğu bina)

crowd, ahali, insan topluluğu

crowded, kalabalık

traffic, trafik

jam, sıkışma’

traffic jam, trafik sıkışıklığı thick, yoğun beach, deniz kıyısı

Brighton, Güney İngiltere’de Manş kıyısında kaplıcalarıyla ünlü bir kent.

Southend, Brighton yakınlarında küçük bir kent good gracious, vay canına!

GRAMMAR

1. İki niteliği karşılaştırmak için kullandığımız as … as terimi Türkçe­’de “kadar” anlamına gelir. İlk as sözcüğü ardından, karşılaştırdı­ğımız sıfatı koyarız, daha sonra da ikinci as sözcüğünü ve karşılaştırmanın konusu olan ikinci kişi yada eşyayı.

Örnekler:

George is as tali as Helen (George, Helen kadar uzundur. It’s as bad as you say. (O, senin söylediğin kadar kötü)

as high as ı nıouym. îl ■ –         Hir vurnu da yapmak istiyorsak, terimi not sc

-^5SîSLLiS.nOt SO U1U «B mcu y. _v!                       ^”~^wy               Od VMhil uSG“J

This box is not so heavy as that box. (Bu kitap, o kitabın olduğu kadar da ağır değil)

It’s not so cold as you say. (Hava, söylediğin kadar da soğuk değil)

Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, not so … as terimi Türkçe’de, kadar da olduğu kadar da anlamlan verir

Adjectives – Degrees of comparison -continued

Paul is twelve years old. His brother George is fourteen. George is older than Paul and Paul is younger than George.

Paul weighs 30 kilos and George weighs 35. George is heavier than Paul and Paul is lighter than George.

Today the temperature is 18 degrees centigrade; yesterday it w$s only 12 degrees. Today is warmer than yesterday. Yesterday was colder than today .

This building rs 30 metres high. The building across the street is 20 metres high. This building is higher than the building across the street.

George is fourteen years old, Paul is twelve and his sister Wendy is eight. George is older than Paul; Paul is older than Wendy; George is older than Wendy. George is the oldest of the three.

Phil is one metre and sixty five centimetres tall. He is taller than Michael; he is taller than Ted; he is even taller than Paul; he is taller than all the boys in his class; he is the tallest boy in the class.

There are a few books on Paul’s desk; there are also a few books on Michael’s desk, but they are not as few as the books on Paul’s desk. The books on Paul’s desk are fewer than those on Michael’s desk. There are very few books on Kathy’s desk. They are fewer than the books on Michael’s desk and fewer than those on Paul’s desk. The books on her desk are the fewest books of all, on the three desks.

Nelson’s column is the highest monument of all in London.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the five oceans.

Asia is the largest continent of all. and Australia is the smallest of

the five continents

geography lesson

Now, what’s the capital of Sweden?

It’s Stockholm,

Good. Do you remember what the capital of Spain is?

Yes, I do. It’s Madrid.

Which is bigger, Stockholm or Madrid? Madrid is, I think.

Now what’s the capital of France?

It’s Paris.

Good girl! Which is bigger, Paris or Madrid? Paris is; it’s the third biggest city in Europe. And which are the other two cities?

They are London and Moscow.

MISS STALEY:

ANOTHER STUDENT: MISS STALEY:

STUDENT MISS STALEY STUDENT MISS STALEY

Another student now. What’s the longest river in the world?

It’s the Amazon!

No, it’s not; it’s the Nile. The Amazon is the second longest river in the world. By the way, what’s the highest mountain?

It’s Mt. Everest, and it s in Asia.

What’s the largest city in the United States⁹ Los Angeles.

No, it’s wrong. Los Angeles is the second largest. New York is still the largest city in the United States of America.

—       Is there much juice in the first bottle?

—       Yes, there’s a lot of juice in bottle A.

—       Is there much in bottle B?

—       No, not much; there is a little juice in it, but not much.

—       Is there much juice in bottle C?

—       No, there’s little juice in bottle C; there’s less juice in it than in bottle B. There’s more juice in bottle B than in bottle C.

—       Is there more juice in bottle A than there is in bottle B?

—       Yes there is; there is more juice in bottle A than there is in either bottle B or bottle C; there is less juice in bottle B than there is in bottle A.

—       Which bottle has the most juice of all?

—       Bottle A has the most juice of all and bottle C has the least juice.

—      How much does Mr. Heath spend on tobacco every month?

—      He spends about £5 on tobacco.

—      And how much does he spend on clothes and petrol?

—       He says that he spends about £ 10 a month on clothes and £ 15 on petrol. He also spends about £3 on books.

—      He spends most of his money on petrol then.

—      Yes. he does because petrol is expensive. He spends less on clothes and even less on tobacco. Books only cost him £3 a month; they cost him the least of all.

—      Isn’t it strange? Books are cheaper than tobacco then.

—      Yes; fortunately thev are not very expensive But we must not forget that Mr. Heath smokes more than he reads and he reads less than he smokes!

–        Is Maureen a good student⁹

—       : es, ai ¡6 b vti: y yOOu ,……….. ………. >-T ■ ¡¡Lli! —- ¥ duu Ol^di! a:;i:

Anne, but ¿he’s not better than Kathy.

–      I know; Kathy is the best student of all the girls in the class, is Susan better than Mary?

—      Oh, Didn’t you know that Susan is the worst student of all the qtris⁹ She’s a nice gir!, but a bad student. She s even worse

In the class

—      Are there many students in your class?

—      No, noi many;         ‘             dnrientsare there in your class?

—      There are twenty-two. We’ve got more students than you. Perhaps your class is the smallest class in the school.

—      No, it isn’t. Julia’s class is the smallest. We’ve got more students in our class than Julia has in hers. There are only twelve students in her class. Her class has the least students of all.

—      Whose class has the most students of aH classes?

—      Fanny’s class; there are thirty two students in her class.

WORDS

temperature, hava sıcaklığı degree, derece centigrade, santigrat across, karşısında, üstünde continent, kara, kıta tobacco, tütün

GEOGRAPHY- COGRAFY

Stockholm, Stokholm Madrid, Madrid Paris, Paris,

London, Londra Moscow, Moskova The Amazon, Amazon Nehri The Nile, Nil Nehri Mt. Everest, Everest Tepesi Asia, Asya The United States of Amerika, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Los Angeles, Los Ancılıs New York, Nev York

GRAMMAR

REGULAR ADJECTIVES – DEGREES OF COMPARISON KURALLI SIFATLAR – KARŞILAŞTIRMA DÜZEYLERİ

İngilizce’de sıfatlar arasında karşılaştırma yaparken, tek yada çift heceli oluşlarına göre ya da bileşik ve yalın olmalarına göre kimi değişik yöntemler kullanırız. Bileşik sıfatlardan kastımız, bir köke, -al, -ed, -ile, -ine, -ose, -ous, -ful, -ful, -less eklerinden biri alarak oluşmuş olmalarıdır. Bu tür sıfatları karşılaştırmalı biçimlerde kullan­mayı ileride öğreneceğiz. Şimdiye dek bu sıfatlardan careful, care- less, learned gibi birkaç tanesini öğrendik zaten.

Şimdi, bazı tek heceli sıfatlarla, sonlarına -er eki koyarak “daha farklılık şekli” yani comparative form ve sonlarına -est eki koyarak “en farklılık çekli” yani superlative form yapalım.

BİRKAÇ UYARI

-e harfiyle biten sıfatlar (wise, safe gibi) karşılaştırma eki olarak sadece -r ve -st alırlar.

Şu tür sıfatların da yazılışları değişir.

a)      Tek heceli sıfat, sessiz harfle biterse, bu son harf iki kez yazıldıktan sonra -er ve -est kullanılır.

b)      Sıfat, -y ile bitiyorsa, bu harf, -i harfine dönüşür ve -er, -est ekleri daha sonra kullanılır.

fat – fatter – fattest hot – hotter – hottest wet – wetter – wettest slim – slimmer – slimmest rainy – rainier – rainiest easy – easier – easiest heavy – heavier – heaviest pretty – prettier – prettiest.

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES KURALSIZ SIFATLAR

Aşağıdaki sıfatlar kuralsızdır, many sıfatının sayılabilir, much sıfatı­nın da sayılamaz isimler için kullanıldığını anımsayacaksınız.

much – more – most many – more -most little – less – least bad – worse – worst good * better – best

USE OF THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES DAHA FARKLILIK VE EN FARKLILIK ŞEKİLLERİNİN KULLANIMI

a)      The Comparative Degree

Karşılaştırma yaparken, than sözcüğü ile birlikte karşılaştırma sıfatlarını nasıl kullandığımızı inceleyin.

Örnekler:

The weather in Stockholm is colder than in Paris.

George is taller than his father.

This box is smaller than that box.

İlk cümleden, karşılaştırılan isimleri biliyorsak, ikinci kez than kullan­maya gerek yoktur.

Örnekler:

Is George shorter than his father?

No, he’s taller.

Is this box bigger than that box?

No, it’s smaller.

p. 74 …

Dikkat: İngilizce’de “daha farklılık” gösteren karşılaştırma sıfatları, iki kişi, iki şey ya da bunların iki gurubu arasında yapılır. Türkçe’de bu biçimi sıfattan önce “daha” sözcüğü kullanarak gösteririz.

b)      The Superlative Degree

En farklılık şeklinde, the sözcüğünü, sıfattan önce, of takısını ise* ikinci isim ya da isim gurubundan sonra kullanırız.

Örnekler:

This boy is the tallest boy of all.

Mary is the thinnest girl of all the girls in her class.

Çoğu kez karşılaştırmanın ikinci bölümünü yazmayız.

Örnekler:

New York is the largest city (of all) in the United States.

Michael is the best student (of all) in this class.

Dikkat: En farklılık biçimi, 3 ya da daha fazla ismin karşılaştırılması sırasında kullanılır. Türkçe’de bu biçimi en sözcüğü ile belirtiriz.

Mrs. Heath is older than Miss Staley.

Fluffy is prettier than Spotty.

The coldest climate in Europe is in Sweden.

The Rolls-Royce is the best car in the world.

EXAMPLES

Whinh ¡«5 hiaa\/ior Ck UiIrN                                    ~ – *■ ¹ _s ~

Miii.n ¡o iivsu^i iiiciii «jcitnbuii, uui oamsun is wetter. Who’s the best student in your class?

Zeynep is the cleverest but Yusuf is the hardest worker.

Everyone says Monday is the worst day of the week.

There are fewer people in Turkey than India.

Our teacher often says “Loss noise and more work?”

‘ L 1’ —————- * hut it’c aisn the least interesting.

I’d like to have an eiuer brothet dui ınaiü im^oss.^.c because I’m the eldest in the family.

My aunt is older than my mother.

You’re the busiest person I know.

He’s lazier than I am.

That plan is safer than the first one.

Is your glass fuller than the others?

“OLD” Sıfatı

Bu sıfatın hem kurallı, (old – older – oldest) hem de kuralsız (old – elder – eldest) biçimleri vardır.

Kuralsız biçim, daha çok aile bireylerinden sözederken ve bir iyelik zamiriyle birlikte kullanılır. Aşağıdaki örnekleri incelerseniz konuyu daha iyi anlayacaksınız.

Paddy is older than Wendy; Michael is older than Kathy; he Wendy is older than Mary. is her elder brother.

Paddy is the oldest of the three.

How old are you?                                 George and Tom and Matthew

I’m twelve; and how old are are brothers. George is older you?  than Tom; Tom is older than

I’m ten.                                                  Matthew; George is Tom’s

Then I am older than you. My elder and Tom is Matthew’s brother is fourteen; he’s the elder. George is their eldest oldest of the three of us. brother ( the eldest).

Comparisons with more – most less – least

İstanbul is a large city.

It is larger than Ankara, or İzmir. No city is larger than Istanbul in Turkey.

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey.

İstanbul is a famous city.

It is more famous than Ankara or İzmir.

No city in Turkey is moFe intere­sting than İstanbul.

Istanbul is the most interesting city in Turkey.

July is a hot month.

It is hotter than April or May. It is hotter than August or September.

It is the hottest month of the year.

April is a very pleasant month.

It is more pleasant than May. It is more pleasant than June or March.

It is the most pleasant month of the year.

Sheila is tall and thin.

She is taller and thinner than

MİlUti.

She is taller and thinner than Georgia and Maureen.

She is the tallest and thinnest of the four girls.

Sheila is a very attractive girl. She is more attractive than Alice.

She is more attractive than Georgia and Maureen.           ‘

She is the most attractive girl of the four girls.

Phil’s hands are dirty: Phil is careless.

Paddy’s hands are dirtier, be­cause he is more careless. Paul’s hands are even dirtier than Paddy’s.

Paul’s hands are the dirtiest hands because he is the most careless boy of the three.

Mr. Smith s car is old and it is not expensive.

Mr. Smith’s car is older than Mr. Field’s.

It is less expensive than Mr. Field’s.

Mr. Smith’s car is older and less expensive than Mr. Long’s car.

Mr. Smith’s car is the oldest and least expensive car of all.

Leeds is a smaller town than London.

it is less crowded than London. Cambridge is a smaller town than Leeds.

It is less crowded than Leeds. Cam bridge is the smaiiesi and least crowded town of the three

My sister is a good and careful student.

She is a better and more careful student than Maureen. She is even a better and more careful student than Susan, Sne—is tb^ best—and most careful student of the three.

Where did you spend Saturday afternoon? We went to an art exhibition and we saw some of Henry Moore’s sculptures.

Who’s Henry Moore?

Don’t you know? He’s a famous sculptor; actually, he’s the greatest and most famous sculptor in the world.

What’s the most beautiful monument in

Europe?

The Parthenon in Athens.

How about the Colosseum?

That’s beautiful too.

Yes, that’s beautiful too but the Parthenon is more beautiful. What’s the most famous bridge on the Thames?

It’s the Tower Bridge.

Yes, it is; but is it the most perfect of all the bridges in Britain?

I don’t know. I think there is a more perfect bridge in Wales. It’s the Menai Strait suspen­sion bridge.

Why do you think it’s more perfect?

Because it’s a suspension bridge and it’s more difficult to build a bridge across the Menai Strait with its strong currents than on the Thames.

Can you tell me a tew of the most crowded cities in the world?

New York, Paris, Rome and, I believe, Athens too.

Can anyone tell me where the most crowded place in the world is?

I think it’s in Japan. It’s Tokyo.

That’s right. Tokyo is the largest city in the world.

What’s the least crowded place in the world? The Sahara Desert.

That’s right; it’s one of the most deserted places in the world.

Isn’t it the most deserted?

No, because there are other places that are as deserted as the Sahara Desert, like the Brazilian Jungle or the Antarctic.

It must be very cold in the Antarctic. Indeed, it’s the coldest place in the world. And what’s the hottest place in the world? Most people think that it’s in Death Valley. Death Valley is in California.

WORDS – NAMES – PLACES

sculpture, heykel sculptor, heykeltraş Cambridge, Kembriç, bir üniversite şehri Lefeds, Kuzey İngiltere’de bir kent Japan, Japonya Tokyo, Tokyo

The Sahara Desert, Büyük Sahra Çölü The Brazilian Jungle, Brezilya cangılı The Antarctic, AntarKtfKa Death Valley, Ölüm Vadssı California, Kaliforniya

PATTERNS OF NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

1. Don’t you play tennis? No, I don’t; I play basket-ball. Doesn’t he go to school? No, he doesn’t; he works.

Don’t they go out on Sundays? No, they don’t; they stay at home.

1. Aren’t you Helen? No, I’m not; I’m Mary.

Isn’t she Maureen? No, she’s not; she’s Susan.

Aren’t they ducks? No, they aren’t; they’re geese.

1. Can’t you swim? No, I can’t; but I can ride a bicycle.

Can’t he come? No, he can’t; he’s too busy.

Can’t they write? No, they can’t; they haven’t been to school yet.

1. Hasn’t he got a car? No, he hasn’t; but he’s got a boat. Haven’t you got a dog? No, I haven’t but I’ve got a cat. Haven’t they got any children? No, they haven’t; they’ve only got three cats.
2. Mustn’t you study now? No, because I’ve already studied. Mustn’t she get up? Yes, I think she must; it’s already 8 o’clock. Mustn’t they stop the noise? They certainly must; we can’t sleep.

TIME

—      What’s the time?

—      By my watch it’s ten past six, but I don’t know if that’s the right time.

—      By the clock of the Houses of Parliament it’s twenty past six; perhaps your time is the wrong time. Your watch is slow. It’s ten minutes slow.

—      Yes, but perhaps it’s the right time; the clock of the Houses of Parliament is probably fast. Haven’t you got the time?

—      No, I haven’t. My watch is out of order.

THE VERBS TEACH, SHOW, GIVE, ASK, LEND, AND TELL

1. Miss Staley has taught the students the simple present tense.

She has taught the simple present tense to the students.

1. Paddy has shown us a picture of an Irish Town.

Paddy has shown a picture of an Irish Town to us.

1. Mr. Heath gave Michael some money this morning.

Mr. Heath gave some money to Michael this morning.

1. Miss Staley asked me a question about the Sahara Desert.

Miss Staley asked a question about the Sahara Desert. (We don’t say “to me”)

1. Kathy has lent Paddy her history book.

Kathy has lent her history book to Paddy.

1. Grandmother told us a story about a good man.

Grandmother told a story to the children.

THE VERB TO HAVE (Customary meaning)

1. What do you have for breakfast every morning?

We have tea, biscuits, butter and jam.

1. When do you have your bath?

I always have my bath in the evening, but my sister has it in the morning.

1. Did you have a walk in the afternoon?

No, I didn’t. I always have a walk in the morning.

1. Have you had a nice time?

Yes, we’ve had a wonderful time.

1. What are you doing in the bathroom?

I’m having a bath.

customary meaning, kullanageldigimiz anlam THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. The rain has stopped; we can shut our umbrellas now.
2. He has been to England, but he hasn’t been to France.
3. He has had dinner and now he is smoking his pipe.
4. John is not here because he has gone to the cinema.
5. Mary has not come yet and it is late.
6. He has already written 5 letters.
7. He has not finished yet; he is still working.

8 How long has he studied⁹ He has studied for 3 hours.

9. How long has he been here? He has been here since 5 o’clock. 10 Georqe has not visited his grandmother since last Friday.

12. The doctor has just come; he is gouty iu .., – –

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. He was not at home, when i visited h⁵^- last night.
2. He could not sleep last night because he was ill.
3. He had a fever yesterday but he is well today.
   1. We had lunch at 2 p.m today because we were busy.
   2. She came to school late; it was 8.10 a.m; she came 10 minutes late.
   3. They were in Ireland last summer.
   4. She did not greet me when she saw me yesterday evening.
   5. Last year he stayed in Italy for 3 months; he wasn’t in Turkey in January.
   6. He could not walk last month because he had a broken leg.

10. I saw George two days ago. I saw him at a cinema.

11. How long did he stay in Italy last summer? He stayed for 2 months.

12. Yesterday noon I heard that George is ill.

THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO, WHOM, WHICH,THAT

1. That’s the boy who broke the window yesterday morning.
2. This is the girl who wants to see your brother.
   1. This is the box which contains the sweets that you want.
   2. The students who go to school late are very few.
   3. The girls who are in the garden are my friends.
      1. The benches which are high are for the tall boys and girls.
      2. That’s the doctor that saved my uncle’s life.
      3. Here’s the woman that wants to speak to you.
         1. The book that is on the desk is Kathy’s; the books that are on the table are Michael’s.

10. These are the men that clean the streets every morning.

11. The lady whom/that you saw lives next door to us.

1. The man whom/that you showed me is Mr. Long-

13. The box which/that my father brought was a box of sweets.

14. The women whom/that my mother greeted are our friends.

1. The men whom/that the police want are thieves.
2. The windows which/that you are looking at are the windows of my classroom.

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN WHOSE

1. The man whose shop is round the corner is my friend’s father.
   1. The girl whose coat is green is my sister.
   2. The house whose roof has no chimney is Paddy’s.                            *
      1. They are the Englishmen whose wives are Turks.
      2. These are the ladies whose children come and play with us.
         1. The elephants whose ears are big are African elephants.

THE REFLEXIVE AND EMPHASIZING PRONOUNS

1. Be careful with that gun, or else you could hurt yourself.
2. Cats wash themselves after they eat something.
3. She cut herself with a piece of broken glass.
4. We cleaned ourselves because we were full of dirt.
   1. Kathy herself made the cake.
   2. Don’t punish Kathy, mother. I myself did it.
   3. The two boys broke the window; they themselves did it.
      1. You yourself must make your bed; your mother can’t because she’s ill today.

COMPARISONS

1. George is as tall as John. John is as tall as Henry. The three boys are the same height.
2. Helen is not as fat as Mary. Mary is not as fat as Jane. Jane is the fattest of the three girls.
3. The train to izmir is not as fast as the train to Paris. The train to Paris is faster.
4. The trains in Japan are the fastest in the world.
5. John’s raincoat is better than George’s. It is better because it

is an English raincoat

Fnglish raincoats are the best in the world.

1. We never spend our summerhoitdays on The mountains; we go to the sea, which is more pleasant in summer.
2. The Aegean side of Turkey is one of the most pleasant places in the world for a summer holiday.

the 1 Phi!

1. Taksim Square is the most centra! place in Istanbul.

i i ly^rqÇ)t DSvi mîi. x. sn© got ’3 Suss^ oot s wo^rc?p niarK she got 11. Paddy’s mark was 10; he got the worst mark of ail

1. There is more rain in İstanbul than in Eskişehir. There is much more rain at Rize than in İstanbul. The rain that falls at Rize is the most in Turkey. There is less rain in Ankara than in Eskişehir. There is much less rain at Diyarbakır than in Ankara. The rain that falls at Diyarbakır is the least in Turkey.
2. Mr. Harold Heath is younger than his brother Mr. John Heath; Mr. John Heath is his elder brother. Mr. David Heath is older than his brothers Harold and John. There are no other brothers. Mr. David Heath is Harold’s eldest brother.
3. The lowest temperature last winter was 2 degrees centigrade. The highest temperature last summer was 41 degrees centigrade.

IDIOMS – VERBAL PHRASES

1. Idioms with the meaning of time

the right time, doğru saat the wrong time, yanlış saat all the time, sürekli, zamanın tümü in time, vaktinde on time, tam zamanında to have a nice time, iyi vakit geçirmek my watch is slow, saatim geri kalıyor my watch is fast, saatim ileri gidiyor my watch is out of order, saatim bozuk by my watch, benim saatime göre, i            how long, ne kadar zaman, kaç saat

1. Verbal phrases with the verb “to be”

to be afraid, korkmak to be ashamed, utanmak to be born, doğmak to be busy, meşgul olmak to be thirsty, susamak

84 Page eighty-four

to be hungry, acıkmak to be sorry, üzgün olmak, birşeye üzülmek

1. Verbal phrases with other verbs

to catch a train, trene yetişmek to catch an aeroplane, uçağa yetişmek to catch a ship, vapura yetişmek to catch a bus, otobüse yetişmek to get dark, karanlık çökmek to run away, kaçmak, firar etmek to shake hands, el sıkışmak to go on holiday, tatile çıkmak to have fun, eğlenmek

1. The word “last” last night, dün gece last Monday, geçen Pazartesi last Sunday, geçen Pazar last Friday, geçen Cuma last week, geçen hafta last month, geçen ay last year, geçen yıl last Christmas, geçen Noel
2. Wishes ■ Exclamations (iyi dilek – hayret ifadeleri)

congratulations, kutlarım, tebrikler

what a pity, ne yazık!

how nice, ne güzel

how come? nasıl oldu da

manu Kannu returns, nice mutlu yıldönümlerine

make yourseiT ax siumc: ^                     ₃ –

help yOUrseİT, K0MUİ Scfvlölni ycipiVen

at least, en azından, hiç olmazsa ftvif ıh?¹’«, orada

a ıvny »»-/i—————

to our heart’s content, doya doya what’s the matter? ne var, ne oluyor?

for instance, örneğin

even so, bunlara rağmen, öyle olsa da

* « HPflBO

become – became – become

begin – began – begun

bite – bii – bitten

break – broke – broken

bring – brought – brought

build – built – built

catch – caught – caught

come – came – come

cut – cut – cut

dig – dug – dug

do – did – done

drink – drank – drunk

eat – ate – eaten

feed – fed – fed

find – found – found

forget – forgot – forgotten

get – got – got

give – gave – given

go – went – gone

hang – hung – hung

hang – hanged – hanged

have – had – had

hear – heard – heard

hit – hit – hit

hurt – hurt – hurt

keep – kept – kept

know – knew – known

lend – lent – lent

let – let – let lose – lost – lost

make – made – made

mean – meant – meant

mow – mowed – mown

pay – paid – paid

put – put – put

read – read – read

rise – rose – risen

run – ran – run

see – saw – seen

sell – sold – sold

shake – shook – shaken

shoot – ihot – shot

show – showed – shown

sing – sang – sung

sink – sank – sunk

sit – sat – sat

speak – spoke – spoken

spend – spent – spent

steal – stole – stolen

swim – swam – swum

take – took – taken

teach – taught – taught

tell – told – told

think – thought – thought

understand – understood – understood

wake – woke – woken

wear – wore – worn

win – won – won

write – wrote – written

LESSON FIFTEEN

Prepositions (verbs with prepositions and particles)a

1. To go to – in – out (of) – up (stairs) – down (stairs) – back – from – across – by – on

This train goes to istanbul in 7 hours.    ,

He stopped at a restaurant and went in because he was hungry.

The cat is not here; it went out; it’s out of the house.

We went up a high hill last Sunday.

We go upstairs when we want to sleep. Our bedrooms are upstairs.

We went down the beach because we wanted to swim. After we wash we go downstairs to have breakfast; the. dining-room is downstairs.

John went back home because he was ill; he did not stay with us all the time.

These small boats go from Sirkeci to Buyiikada.

We went across the street to see a shop-window.

I went to England by train, but my sister went by aeroplane.

You can oniy go to Burgazada by ship.

I went to the village by car, but my friend went on foot.

1. To come to – in – out – back – up (stairs) – down (stairs) – across

–       from.

We walked for 2 hours and then wecame toasmall village. Shut the window; the rain is coming in.

The children came otft of school at 3 p.m.

Mr. Heath goes out to work at 8.10 a.m. and he comes back at 6 p.m.

Come up the ladder and give me the paint.

Tc!I \mwI.uu! w uu.nc uuwu ine iree; ne could hurt himself. Come downstairs! Breakfast is ready.

Come upstairs and go to bed; it’s late.

He came from I onrinn h\/ train- he_camA MfA««

Mr. Heath has taken Michael and Kathy to Heathrow Airport, which is one of the two main London airports. The children have never been to an airport before and they wanted to see the aeroplanes.

kathy: – What’s that plane just coming in? mr. heath: That’s a jumbo jet; it’s a long distance plane; it’s probably coming from the United States. michael: How long does it take to go across the ocean? mr. heath: Well, I think it flies across the ocean in about 4 hours.

■kathy: Look! It’s coming down now! It’s landing! michael: Have you travelled a long distance by plane,Daddy? mr. heath- Yes, I’ve flown to Australia. kathy: Did your plane stop on the way? mr heath: Yes, these long distance planes to Australia fly across the Mediterranean and they stop at Teheran; then they fly to Bangkok and after they go across the Indian Ocean to Melbourne and Sydney. michael: Do they come back the same way? mr. heath: Yes, they do.

kathy: How many planes go out and come in every day? mr heath. I don’t know exactly, but I can say more than two or three hundred.

michael: Look! There’s an aeroplane taking off ; it’s just going out.

mr heath: Yes, that’ a small plane; it’s probably flying to Dublin or Belfast.

MtCHAEL: Does it fly over the English Channel? mr. heath- Certainly not. The English Channel is south and Ireland is north-west; it goes north-west, then it goes across the Irish Sea.

Look! It’s going up very fast. Is it faster than a jumbo jet?

No, it’s slower than a jumbo jet but it goes up faster because it’s a lighter plane.

Does it come down fast?

Well, when it lands it isn’t as fast as a jumbo biit it lands in less time because it runs a shorter distance on the runway.

What are all those people who are coming in and going out those doors?

They are passengers, at least most of them are. Some are going out of London and some have just come in. The outgoing pasengers go up those escalators and the incoming passengers come down.

There’s another aeroplane; it’s flying over us. Where’s that going?

It’s flying south, or south-east; it’s probably going to fly across the English Channel to Paris or other cities in Europe.

WORDS – NAMES OF PLACES

village, köy

airport, havaalanı

plane, uçak

jumbo-jet, jumbo jet

distance, mesafe

probably, galiba, muhtemelen

îû land, inmek (uçak için)

lü İanç Üîî. T Î’ĞV’ÖÎCÎT ÎT’TCÎr» _f                                                                                                                                         -ι‘-/

a – agxa a srhâ-s               ÎJ’                                                         *

. ..                                                             1 1- –

escalators, yürüyen merdivenler

The English Channel, Manş Denizi

Prepositions – continued

1. To call at – on – in – up – off

He called at my house yesterday afternoon but I wasn’t there. Call on me some day and we can have tea.

He called in on his way to work, we had coffee and he left. Paul didn’t call me up because he didn’t know my phone number.

¹ vaiiw iviai y u^i l^ii i 171 u ic ncvvo.

The President called off the meeting because he was ill.

1. To get on * up – in – out – away – to – off

If you get on my bicycle I can give you a ride.

She got off the bus at Piccadilly Circus.

This tree is too high; I can’t get up to its top.

There was a big crowd in front of the cinema but we finally got in.

We couldn’t get out because there was no door.

His mother locked the door and he couldn’t get away.

The other day a prisoner got away and the pol ice haven t f ou nd him yet.

It’s difficult to get to that village; there is no road.

1. To run in – into – out – up – down – along – across – away

Some athletes are running in the stadium; I think they are sprinters.

When it began to rain the children ran into the school. When the bell rang the students ran out to play.

They are tired because they ran up the hill.

Don’t run down the hill; you could hurt yourselves.

He ran along the street to catch the bus at the bus-stop. Athletes run across countries to bring the Olympic light to the ¹ Olympic Games.

When the thief saw the policeman he ran away.

1. To turn on – off. To switch on – off – To put on – out

It’s dark; turn on the lights. I’ve switched them on.

After the sun goes down we put on the lights.

Turn off the lights, I want to sleep. I’ve switched them qff; good night.

Put out the lights; it isn’t dark now.

1. To be sorry for – to. To show in – out. To look at • for – after – through – out

I am sorry to hear that your brother is ill.

He hasn’t passed his examination; I’rrt sorry for him.

When I rang the bell she opened the door and showed me in. After the visit the maid showed him out.

The children are looking at the aeroplanes.

He has lost his book; he’s looking for it everywhere.

Paul is ill with a bad cold; his mother is looking after him. Look through the window. Do you see anyone in?

Look out! A car is coming down the street.

How did he get on that wall?

He went up that ladder, that’s how.

How is he going to get down?

He’s going to get down by coming down that ladder.

But the ladder is on the ground. How can he come down the ladder now?

Because we are going to put it up!

What’s that crowd doing over there?

They are waiting for the lift.

Yes, but the lift isn’t coming.

Of course it’s not coming!

What’s the matter with it?

There’s nothing the matter with the lift.

It’s not coming because Paddy is inside.

And what’s he doing?

He’s going up and coming down all the time but he doesn’t come out. That’s why the people, who are waiting, can’t get in!

What’s he doing?

He’s looking for a penny.

How did he lose it?

He didn’t lose it; his English wife lost it a few days ago. Why is he lopking for it now?

He’s just come back home from a visit to Scotland.

Isn’t he English?

No, he’s a Scotsman.

—  Who is it Paddy?

—  It’s a gentleman; he wants to see you, daddy.

—  Show him in then.

—  Yes, now I remember! He’s the same gentleman I showed out the other day.

WORDS

phone, telefon president, başkan meeting, toplanti locked, kilitli to lock, kilitlemek prisoner, mahkûm athlete, sporcu, atlet stadium, stadyum sprinter, sürat koşucusu maid, ev işçisi (kadın) baby, bebek lift, asansör

penny, peni (100 peni = 1 Sterlin)

IDIOMS

come on, hadi

of course, elbette, tabi

to be ashamed, utanmak, yüzü kızarmak

VERBAL PHRASES

to call at, bir yeri ziyaret etmek to call on, bir kimseyi ziyaret etmek to call in, uğramak to call up, teiefon etmek to call oh, iptal etmek

to get on, binmek (taşıta)

to get up, tırmanmak, çıkmak (dağa)

to get in, içeri girmek,

to get out, çıkmak

to get away, kaçmak, firar etmek

to get off, inmek

to run in, bıryorde koşmak

HIM ipt/\ U-r\e^im\ş niırnoİ/

»V ■ MBI !■            l\vyui (4I\ ^Iİ İ İ ivl\

to run out, koşarak çıkmak

îo run up, koşarak yukarı doğru çıkmak

to run down, koşarak inmek

to rıjn aionn ivni’ı bO\/unca koşmak

— ……………………………….. \-J -—-/———————- /——— ^————– ^[1]——————– —t—-

to run across, biryeri koşarak enine geçmek to run away, kaçmak, koşarak uzaklaşmak to turn on, birşeyi düğmesini çevirerek çalıştırmak to switch on, birşeyi düğmesini çevirerek çalıştırmak to put on, çalıştırmak, ışığı açmak to turn off, düğmesini çevirerek durdurmak to switch off, düğmesini çevirip durdurmak to put off, ertelemek

to be sorry for, birşeyden dolayı üzgün olmak, to be sorry to, birşeyi yapmaktan dolayı üzgün olmak to show in, içeri buyur etmek, içeri almak to show out, evden çıkanı uğurlamak to look at, bakmak

to look for, birşeyi aramak, araştırmak to look after, birisine bakmak, bakımını üstlenmek to look through, birşeye doğru bakmak to look out, dikkat etmek

NOT

Herhangi bir durum ekiyle kullanıldığında to get fiili terime “bir zorluğun üstesinden gelmek” anlamı katar. Fiilin kullanıldığı yerlerde, herzaman bir engel ya da zorluk vardır. Girmek anlamında go ¡n deriz. Ama kapının önünde toplanmış bir kalabalık girmemizi zorlaştı- rıyorsa, ya da kapı önünde başka bir engel varsa, get in deriz. Emir kipi olarak kullanımda ise anlam daha bir sertleşir, get in! “çabuk içeri” demektir, get out ise “defol!” Bu kuralın _t istisnaları da vardır. Arabaya binmek = get in, arabadan inmek = get out deriz. Uçak, otobüs ve tren içinse, get on ve get off kullanmz.

tim X

LESSON SIXTEEl

The simple future tense

Shall: 1st person – Will: 2nd and 3rd person.

I,   we shall play.

you, he, she, it, they will play.

2nd person 3rd person

SINGULAR

PLURAL

I shall come I We shall come

you will come you will come he, she, it will come they will come

shaii not = shan’t will not = won’t

_N

Is George going to work now? Is it Sunday to-day?

Are the children studying now?

Is this train going

out of the station?

Are you coming to see us

IQ-Gay ; i

Are you going to England this month?

Is she going to Paris in winter?

Is Miss Staley teaching Geography?

What’s the date to-day?

What was the date yesterday? What will the date be tomorrow?

No, he’ll go to work at 2 p.m. No, it’ll be Sunday tomorrow. No, but they’ll study this afternoon.

No, it ll go out after an hour.

No, but we’!! come tomorrow

No, but 111 go next summer.

No, but she’ll go to Paris next spring.

No, she’ll teach Geography next week:

It’s 28th March 1975.

It was 27th March 1975.

It’ll be 29th March 1975.

Song

When I was just a little girl I asked my mother “What shall I be?”

“Shall I be happy? Shall I be rich?’’ Here’s what she said to me:

“Que sera, sera, whatever will be will be, the future’s not ours to see, what will be, will be.”

future, gelecek

and Kathy have a conversation

What will you do when you finish school? Have you thought of it?

No, I haven’t. It’s too early yet, but I shall certainly go to University. Do you remember when Miss Staley said I must go to University? She knows better, so I shall do as she says.

What will you study at University?

I don’t know yet. 1 haven’t decided. Perhaps I shall wait until Miss Staley says what will be best for me to study.

Your highest mark is in English. Won’t you study English Literature?

Yes, it is my highest mark, but shall I be happy? The only thing that I can do will be to teach. Shall I be a good teacher? You will be a good teacher one day, if you go to University. You see women are better teachers than men. No, I don’t want to be a teacher; it’s a woman’s job. After all I’ve got high marks in Physics, Biology and Maths, too. Couldn’t I study something else?

That’s right. Perhaps you will study Physics then.

I don’t know yet. Paul says that he will study to be a Veterinarian.

What’s a Veterinarian?

Oh, that’s an animal doctor. That’s the kind of job that will make me happy. It’s always nice to feel that you will help a poor dumb animal. Besides I shall

study with Paul and you know he is one of my good

* ^: =1

Yes, that s not a idea, yju naven mouyht z~. something else.

What’s that⁷

Fluffy and Tom will have a doctor and we shan’t pay for their medical treatment when they grow old. Poor old Fluffy, poor old Tom! I can’t think of the idea that they will grow old one day.

— 
Yes, ne win come wilu u3 ar.c . u:::    — – . -—. but you’ll have your party without us.

—  I’m sorry too.

At least will you come to wish me happy birthday some other day?

—  Yes, we’H be happy to visit you the day after tomorrow. We shan’t go anywhere on Sunday.

—  What’s the weather forecast, Harold?

—¿It will be a sunny morning tomorrow;

but it will be cloudy at noon.

—  Will it rain in the afternoon?

—  No, it won’t rain

but the temperature will go down.

—  Shall we go out in the country then?

—  I don’t know; if it isn’t too cold we shall go.

—  Do you think the Wolves will win?

—  Well, they were a very good team last year and they always beat Leeds,

but I don’t believe they will beat Leeds to-day.

—  Yes but nobody has scored yet

and the Wolves have a very good goal-keeper. 1 don’t think Leeds will score any goals.

—  Do you believe that

only a good goal-keeper will stop Leeds?

This year they are a very good team.

Don’t forget that they beat Chelsea five to nothing last Saturday.

—  Well the Wolves aren’t Chelsea.

You just wait and you’ll see.

—  Well I shan’t wait long.

There they go! Goal! Leeds scored! Hoorah*

100 Page one hundred

The coloured future – Gelecek zamanın talep (istem) ifadelerinde kullanımı

İngilizce’de gelecek zamanla, istek, dilek, söz verme, kararlılık hatta emir cümleleri yapabiliriz. Cümlemiz aynı zamanda da^# gelecek zaman anlamı taşır. Bu tür cümlelerde shall ve will yardımcı fiilleri cümleye göre anlam kazanırlar.

Aşağıdaki cümlelerde, basit örneklerle bu durumları görüyorsunuz.

1. Will you open the window please?

Will = ikinci tekil şahsa yapılan bir ricayı gösteriyor. (Pencereyi ağarmışın lütfen?) Türkçe’de bu anlamı geniş zaman kullanarak veriyoruz.

Bir tercih göstermek anlamında da shall yerine will kullandık. Yes, I will. (Elbette, açayım)

1. You shall have a chocolate if you are a good boy.

(İyi çocuk olursan bir çikolatayı hakedersin.)

shall terimini will yerine, söz verme anlamında kullandık bu kez.

1. I want to go to Paris and I will go (Paris’e gitmek istiyorum ve de gideceğim.)

will, shall yerine. Cümle kesin bir kararı ifade ediyor.

1. They shall never come to my house again!

(Bir daha evime gelmeyecekler!

shall bu kez will yerine. Cümle, kararlılık belirtiyor.

1. He will not come because he doesn’t want to see George. (Gelmeyecek, çünkü George’u görmek istemiyor.)

will istek belirtme anlamında kullanılıyorsa, cümleyi:

“Gelmek istemiyor, çünkü George’u görmek istemiyor” anlamın­da Türkçeleştirebiliriz.

1. My pen won’t work cümlesinde, gelecek anlamı yoktur, kalemim çalamıyor vazmav! reddediyor de^eöe aeür

He shall not come because I don’t want to see him. dediğimizde ise, “gelmesin, -çünkü üfurgörmek istemiyorum¹⁵‘demiş